Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/577

* SANBALLAT. 517 SAN CARLOS. to a meeting in one of the villages of One, which Xeheniiali refused to attend (vi. 2-4); that he sent a letter to Neliemiali in wliieh he threatened to report what he had heard from tieshem and others, that the walls were being repairi'd as a jireparation for rehellion and (hat i)roj)hets were appointed tu proelaini Neheniiah as king (vi. 5-8) : and that he hired Shemaiah, Noadiah the proplietess. and others to trod)le the Governor of Jerusalem (vi. 10-14). While all this elearly reveals Keheniiah's sus])ieions and furnishes good groiMid for supposing that Sanballat feared the elleet of the fortification of Jerusalem and was hostile to Xeheniiali, it su])plies no gvidenee of violence, bad faith, or falsehood on his part. Shemaiah's act niay have been one of gen- uine friendship or of mistaken zeal. Consult the commentaries on Ezra and Neliemiah; Kosters, Hct herstel van Israel in het pcr^ischc tijilrak (Leyden, 1803) ; Marquart, Fundamente israelitisclier vnd jiidi/tcher Oe- schichte (Giittingen, 1896); Torrey, The Com- position and Historical Taluc of Ezra-Nehemiah (Giessen, 1896) ; Schmidt and Cheyne, articles '•Xeheniiah," in the Biblical World (Chicago, 1899) ; Cheyne. Jeicish T{eli<iioiis Life After the Exile (X'ew'YorU, 1898); Winckler, AUoriental- ische Forschttngen (Berlin, 1899); Sellin, Stu- dien ziir Entstehtingsrieschichte der jiidiseheH (rcmcindc (Leijizig. IftOl). SAN BENEDETTO PO, sihi ba'na-det'to po. A town in the Province of Mantua, Italy, near the Po, 12 miles southeast of Mantua (Map: Italy, E 2). It has an eleventh-century Benedic- tine monastery with a church built in 1,542. Bricks and wine are manufactured. Population (comnunicl, in 1901, 10.790. SAN BERNARDINO, ber'n;u-de'n6. A city and the county-scat of San Bcrnanlino County, Cal., 63 miles east of Los Angeles, on the South- ern Pacific and the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe railroads (Map: California, E 4). The vi- cinity is noted for its beautiful scenery and healthful climate, and for its mud, hot water, and sulphur baths. There are a public library and a handsome court-house. Fruit, hay, and alfalfa are extensively cultivated in the sur- rounding region, which also has mining and stock-raising interests. The shops of the Atchi- son, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad employ 850 men. There are also lumber mills, a box factory, foundries, and machine shops. The government, under the charter of 1883, is vested in a president and board of trustees, who hold office for two years. San Bernardino was founded in 1851 by a company of Mormons, who wished to estab- lish a way station for emigrants to Utah by way of the Pacific. The city stands on or near the site of an abandoned mission of the same name. In 1854 it was incorporated, but on the with- drawal of the Mormons in 1857-58 its impor- tance decreased, and it was disincorporated in 1861. In 1863 its charter was restored. Popu- lation, in 1890. 4012; in 1900, 6150. SAN BERNARDINO, Strait of. One of the two ))rincipal passages tlirongh the Philippine Archipelago (^lap: Philippine Islands. .17). It separates the island of Sflmar from Luzon, and is part of the route between Manila and the United States. SAN BLAS, bliis. A seaport of Mexico, in the Territory of Tepic, situated in an unhealthful locality on llie Pacific coast, 140 miles southeast of Mazatlan (Map: Jlexieo, V 7). Though its harbor is but an open roadstead, it is the most frequented port on the Pacific eoa.st of .Mexico next to Aeapuleo and Mazatlan. The exports amount to about .$:i.")0.000 annually, and con- sist chietly of silver, lumber, rice, eollee, and mescal. A railroad runs to Tepic, and is being extended to Guadalajara. Population, about 4000. Formerly the town was an important city with a population of 20,000. SAN BLAS, Cape. Sec Cape San Blas. SAN'BORN, Franklin Be.nmamin (1831 — ). An American journalist and social reformer, born at Hampton Falls, X, H. He was graduated at Harvard in 1855, and in 1856 was made secre- tary of the Massachusetts Kansas Conunittee, which led to his knowledge of John Brown, with whose fame he was closely connected. Later he was active in the Massachusetts State Board of Charity, of which he was secretary (18(i3-68) and chairman (1874-76). He reformed the Tewksbury Almshouse, aided in founding the Massachusetts Infant Asylum and the Clark Institution for Deaf Mutes, and in ameliorating the treatment of the insane. In 1879 he was nuule inspector of charities. He was also active in the organization of the American Social Sci- ence Association, of which he became (1873) chief secretary, and he aided in establishing the Concord Summer School of Philosophy (1879). For several j'ears. beginning with 1868. he was editorially connected with the Springfield Re- piihlican. He wrote Lives of Thoreau (1882), of John Brown (1885), his most important book, of A. Bronson Alcott, Emerson, and Dr. S. E. Howe; and edited William E. Channing's Wan- derer (1871); Bronson Alcott's Sonnets and Canzonettcs (1882); his New Connecticut (1886); and for a time The Journal of Social Science. A brief study of Emerson appeared in the Beacon Biographies (1901); and later he edited essajs of Thoreau and poems by W. E. Channing the younger. SANBORN, .John Benjamin (1826—). An American soldier, born in Epsom, N. H. He* studied at Dartmouth College, and in 1854 was admitted to the bar. On the outbreak of the Civil War, as adjutant-general and quarter- master-general of Miiuiesota, he organized ;ind equipped the Minnesota troops, and early in 1862 became colonel of the Fourth ilinnesota Volunteers. He took part in the battles of Corinth, Port Gibson. Raymond, Jackson, and Champion Hills, and in the Vicksburg siege, and was promoted to be brigadier-general, his com- mission being dated August 4, 1863. Placed in connnand of the District of Southwestern Mis- souri in October. 1864, he fought a number of successful engagements, and elTected treaties with Indian tribes hitherto hostile. SAN CARLOS, kiir'lAs. A town of the Prov- ince of Xuble. Chile. 208 miles .south of San- tiago, with which city it has direct railway connection (ilap: Chile, C II), The old town is irregularly built, but the newer portion above the railway station is much better con- .structcd. Its ]iopulation, in 1885, was 7277. SAN CARLOS. A town of the Stale of Za- niora. Venezuela. 105 miles southwest of Car.lcas (.Map: Venezuela. D 2). Poimlation, in 1891, estimated at 10,420.