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* SALZMANN. 504 SAMAR. teiinrv in 1884. His more important books are the ironical Krcbsbiichkin (1780), with ilirec- tions lor wrong education; Karl vuii Kdilsbcrg (17S3-S8) anil Kuiirad-KUfcr (17!»4), pedagogi- cal fiction comparable to I'estalozzi's Leonard and (lirlnidt-: and a rnrfc meciim for the teaclier, the Amcim-nb'iicMcin (1806), showing the obverse of the Krcbsbiichlciii. Consult the memoir pub- lished by the school (Leipzig, 1884). SALZWEDEL, zalts'vu'dd. A town of the Province of Saxony, Prussia, 110 miles southeast of Hremon, on the' navigable Jeetze, a tributary of the Elbe (Slap: Prussia, D 2). It has some editiees interesting for their architecture and a valuable nniseuni of preliistorie relics. The manufacture of pins, niadiinory. leather, and chemicals, and the weaving of damask and linen are the (iriiicipal industries. Population, in 1900, 10.18!l. Salzwedcl (1070-1170) was the capital of Altmark, the nucleus of the Prussian State. SAMAIN, sa'maN', Albert Victor (1858- 1000 ). A French poet, born at Lille. He studied at the Lycee and became an employee in the Pre- fectvire of the Seine, a position which he held until his death. His first poems a])peared in the Mercttre de France. These were collected in 1893 as Le jardin de I'infante, to which was after- wards added L'urne penchce (1897). His other published volumes include Aiij- floncs dlt vase (1898). Le ehnriot d'or, and the lyric drama J'olypheme (1901). His melancholy, refined verse is noted for its melody. SAMALE, sa-mii'ln. A Malay people on Samal Island. Davao Bay, Southern Mindanao. See PuiLipriN-E Islakds. SAMANA, sil'ma-nii', or Santa Barbara de Samana. A seaport of Santo Domingo, situ- ated on the north shore of the large Bay of SamanS. 64 miles northeast of Santo Domingo. It is the outlet for the fertile Vega Real, and ex- ports eocoanuts, bananas, and cacao. Population, 5000. SAM AUG, sa-niang'. A tribal group in the Malacca Peninsula. See Semakg. SAMANI, sa-nili'ne, and DILEMI, di'la-me. Two Persian dynasties of minor importance. The Saniani, who traced their descent to the Sas- sanida> (q.v.), destroyed the Saflfarids in a.d. 900, when Amr, the sixth SafTarid monarch, was con- quered by Ismail ibn Ahmad, the third ruler of the Samanid line, who established the real power of his house. Ismail extended his sway over Transoxania, Balkh, Herat. Seistan. Khorasan, Gurgan, Taliaristan, and Kai, but the Caspian provinces were lost in the reign of his son and successor, Ahmad II., who died in 913. There ■were eleven monarchs of this dvnasty: Ahmad L (e.813-8G4) : Nasr. I. (874-892) : Ismail (848- 907) ; Ahmad II. (died 913) ; Nasr II. (died 942) ; Nnh I. (died 954) ; Abd-al-Malik I. (died 961) ; Mansur I. (died 970) ; Nnh II. (captured 997); Mansur II. (blinded 999): and Abd-al- Malik IT. (dethroned 999). After the death of Abd-al-Malik his brother, Ismail-al-Muntasir, maintained a resistance against the Alid dynasty, the conquerors of the Samanids, until 1004, when ne fell a victim to treachery. The history of Persia during the century of Samani power offers few events of imjiortance. The dynasty was a peaceful one, encouraging literature rather than conquest. Among the noteworthy names in Per- sian literature who nourished during this period were Kudagi (q.v.), Daqiqi (q.v.), and Firdausi (q.v.), wiio began liis great epic, the Ukuh-numah, at the Samanid Court. The Dilemi, who came from the Province of Dilem, on the Caspian Sea, and ruled the Prov- ince of Gurgan, were founded by Mardawi (928- 935). who was murdered in a mutiny at Ispahan. The line had eight other rulers: Vashmgir (935- 9C7), the younger brother of Mardawi, three times driven from his throne, which he thrice regained by the help of his ally, the Samanid Nuh I.; 'Bistun (976); Kabus (976-1012), opposed bv his son and successor, Minochir; Minochir "(1012-29); Anushirvan (1029-43); Dara or Iskander (1043-C.1060) ; Kai Kaus, who wrote his QCihusnamah in 1080 or 1082 for the guidance of his son and successor, Gilanshah ; and Gilanshah ( 1082-C.1090), who was captured by the Seljuk Sultan Malikshah. (See Seljuk.s.) Consult: Mirchond, Histoire des Saman'ules, translated by Defremery (Paris, 1845) ; Justi, Iraiiisches Sanienhuch (Marburg, 1895) ; Horn, "Geschichte Irans in islamitischer Zeit," in Geiger and Kuhn, Grundriss der iranischen Phi- lolo(iir, vol. ii. (Strassburg, 1900). SAMAK, sjl'raar. One of the Philippine Isl- ands, the easternmost of the Visayan group. It is situated between latitudes 10° 42' and 12° 43' N. and between longitudes 124° 12' and 125° 49' E., and is bounded on the north, east, and south by the Pacific Ocean, and on the west by the Visayan Sea (Map: Philippine Islands, Iv 8). On the northwest it is separated from the southeastern extremity of Luzon by the Strait of San Bernardino, 11 miles wide, and on the southwest the Strait of San Juanico, one mile wide, separates Samar from Leyte. It is rouglily oval in shape, narrowing into a long, pointed peninsula in the southeast, and has an extreme length from northwest to southeast of 156 miles, with an average breadth of 50 miles. Its area ia 5488 square miles, including about 150 small dependent islands covering 290 square miles. It ranks third in size among the islands of the archipelago. The coasts of SSmar are more finely indented than those of any other island in the archipelago. The eastern coast, which is not very well known, is especially cut up into numerous small inlets and headlands, and is fringed with islets and rocks. Xearly the whole surface of the island is rough and hilly, though nowhere exceeding 2000 feet in altitude. The mountain region of the in- terior forms a forest-covered and little exposed wilderness. The mineral wealth of Samar has not been well explored and is not yet being exploited, partly owing to the hostility of the natives in the in- terior. Coal, gold, copper, and cinnabar are, how-ever, reported in quantities of commercial value. The climate and soil of the island are well suited to the production of all the staple crops of the archipelago, and the output of hemp is very large, the normal amount annually ex- ported previous to the insurrection of 1890 being 28,000,000 pounds. In 1899 the export of hemp amounted to 21.000.000 pounds. Sugar, rice, and eocoanuts are also raised in larjje quantities, while coffee, cacao, tobacco, and cereals are among the minor products. Mechanical indus- tries are still undeveloped, though sugar and cocoanut oil are manufactured to some extent.