Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/561

* SAL WIN. 503 SALZMANN. of the delta of the Inawachly (Map: Asia, .15). It is over 1500 iiiilos loiij;. Almost the entire course of the river is through a narrow valley with stee]) sides; its How is often extremely swift, and it is frequently interrupted by raj)ids caused by roekj- reefs extending aeross the elianiiel. Its basin is narrow, and the tributaries are nearly all very short, some of them entering the main stream by cataracts. Consecjuently the river is of little importance for conimeree. In Lower Burma, however, it is regularly navigated in strelehes by steam launches. SALYANY, s;ilya'ne. A town iu the Russian Government of Baku, Transcaucasia, situated on the Kur ( Map : Russia, G 7 ). It is the centre of the lisheries of the Kur. Population, in 1897, 12.120, chietly Tatars. SALZBURG, ziilts'boUriv. A duchy and crownland i<( Austria, bounded by Upper Aus- tria on the north, Tyrol and Bavaria on the west, Tyrol and Carinthia on the soutli, and Styria and L'pper Austria on the east (ilap: Austria, C 3). Area, 2767 square miles. Salzburg is one of the most mountainous regions of Austria. The Hohe Tauern. which rise on its southern frontier, branch oft" into numerous high spurs running northward and are separated from one another by deep valleys. The northern part is covered by a continuation of the Salzburg Alps and con- tains a number of isolated mountains, some of them exceeding 9000 feet in altitude. The chief river is the Salzach. a tributary of the Inn, which drains almost the entire area of the region. There are a large number of mountain lakes, some of them situated at a very high altitude and of remarkable picturesqueness. The mountain- ous surface of Salzburg makes it unfavorable for agriculture, and the proportion of arable land is very limited. The cultivation of cereals is of minor im])ortance and the crops do not suffice for the domestic demand. Cattle-raising receives consid- erable attention. Salzburg is rich in minerals and especially in salt, of which it su]))dies over 8 per cent, of the total output of Austria. Iron, gold, and copper are also mined to some extent. The manufacturing industries are limited and consist chiefly of glass, iron, and marble works. The house industries are confined to the manu- facturing of coarse cloth, stockings, and linen. There is a State tobacco factory, employing over 400 men. Salzburg has a local Diet of 26 mem- bers and sends representatives to the Austrian Eeichsrat. The population in 1900 was 193,247, principally German Catholics. Capital, Salz- burg (q.v.). The town of Salzbiirg. built on the site of the Roman .Juvavum, was made the, seat of a bishop- ric in 696. In 798 the see was erected into an archbishopric. It graduall.v came into possession of an extensive district, and the archliishops of Salzburg occupied a prominent position among the ecclesiastical princes of the Holy Roman Em- pire. The archbishops expelled the .Jews in 1498 and some 30,000 Protestant subjects in 1731-32. In 1802 the see was secularized and Salzburg be- came a temporal principality luider Ferdinand, the dispossessed Grand Duke of Tuscany. In 180.5 it passed to Austria, and in ISIO to Bavaria, and in 1814 was permanently luiited with Aus- tria. SALZBURG. The capital of the Crownland of Salzburg, Austria, charmingly situated amid mountainous scenery on the Salzach, 73 miles cast.,soullieast of ilunicli (Map: Austria, C 3). The old town on the left bank of the river, with its narrow streets, llat-roofed houses, but beauti- ful s(|uares and fountains, is d(imiiiati'<l by the IlohenSalzburg citadel, nn the .Miincbsberg, at au altitude of aliout 4(10 feet (1780 feet above sea level), reached by a cable railway. ]''our iron bridges connect the old with the modern section of the town.- A bronze statue of Mozart, who was born here, adorns one of the spacious squares. The site of the ancient fortilications is now occupied by a handsome residential quarter. Among the interesting churches are the seven- teenth-century late Remiissame cathedral, the twelfth-century Romanesque Saint Peter's, and the thirteenth -cculuiy Franciscan Churcli with an imposing Gutldc tower. In the Benedictine Abbey of Saint Peter there is a lilirary of over 40,000 volumes. The secular edifices include the Grand Ducal Palace, the Government buililings the former university buildings, and the Mirabell- Schloss, an ancient arcbicpiscoiial palace, with a valuable geological collection. Of sjiecial interest are the ancient burial ground of Saint Peter and the Summer Uiiling School, with galleries hewn out of the solid rock. Among the educatioiiiil in- stitutions are the Jluseum Cai-olinoAugusteiim, containing a valuable collection of antiquities and a library of over 50,000 volumes; a theological faculty, two upper gymnasia, a normal school, a priests' seminary, and a public librar_v of over 05,000 volumes. Interesting features in the vicinity in addition to the fortress of Hohen- Salzburg, alreadv alluded to, are the Capuziner- lierg. with the Capuchin monasterv, the (iaislierg, all commanding magnificent views, and the castle Hellbrunn, with gardens, theatre, etc. Popula- tion, in 1900. 32,934. For history, see Salzui-bo above. Consult: Zillner, (iescliichte der Htadt Hahhurg (Salzburg, 1885-90): lier, Salzburg vnd seine Fiirstcn (Reichenhall, 1895). SALZBURG FESTIVAL. An Austrian musical festival held annuallv at Salzburg, where the works of Haydn and other classic com- posers are rendered with scrupulous exactness. It ranks among the repr?sent:itive festivals of the world. See Musical Festival. SALZKAMMERGUT, zlilts'kam'nier-goot. An alpine district covering the extreme southern portion of the .ustrian Crownland of I'pper Austria, together with parts (if Styria and Salz- burg. It is celebrated for its varied and pic- turesque scenerv, embracing a series of beautiful lakes bordered by loft.v, steep, anil forest-covered mountains. The most noted of the lakes is the Traun. an expansion of the River Traun, which flows through the district. The principal resorts are Ischl and Gniunden. The Salzkammergut. as its name implies, is famous also for its immense salt deposits. SALZMANN, ziilts'nian. Ciihistian Gott- iiiLF (1744-lSll). A German educator, born in Siimmerda, Thuringia, and educated for the Church ;it .Icna. He was pa-tcir at Hnhrborn (1768-72) and then deacon at Frfurt. where he first proclaimed his belief in natural religion and his theory of isolation as a fjiclor in moral edu* cation. In 1781 he was called to the Pliilau- throjiinuni in Dessaii to be teacher of morals iind religion. Three years afterwards he started at tSchnepfenthal a school which celebrated its cen-