Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/557

* SALUTATIONS. 499 SALVADOR. imder several heads. (1) The expresision of a de- sire for the prosjjerity of the person accosted. This depended oriyimiUy on the belief that a wish for good or evil niif;lit be elleetive in bringing about the state of things desired and produce a corresponding effect on the individual toward wdiom it was directed. We have a simple example in the expres^-imi 'Your liealth!" us<'<l in drinking. (2) The uH'cring of a prayer for the well-being of any one, which is continued in our 'good morn- ing.' 'good night," which are abbreviations for 'God give you good morning,' etc; (3) Expres- sions of gratitude, admiration, or honor. Here belongs the 'plural of majesty,' applied first to kings, and by degrees made general. Terms of respect like 'your Honor,' 'your Majesty," 'your Grace,' 'your Excellency,' liave been appropriated to particular degrees of rank. It is only a more ancient variety of the preceding use when an idea of adoration is introdiu'cd of which a survival is seen in the title of 'Reverend' applied to clergA-men. Gestures may be regarded as arising in the first place from the animal im- pulses, as in the pleasure of contact which induces patting the cheek or hand, embracing, and the like. The manifestation of such enjoyment ex- hibits nuich variation: thus kissing is by no means a universal liuman practice, but is rather confined to certain peoples. There are likewise attitudes of subservience, implying that the in- ferior puts himself at the dis-posal of the su- perior. Here belong our customs of bowing and courtesying, of lifting the hand in salute, and the kneeling and prostration still practiced in the Orient. Denudation is a movement symbolic of resignation of one's goods to a ruler, and survives jierhaps in the customs of lifting the hat or removing the glove before shaking hands. SALUTES. Military courtesies rendered by non-commissioned officers and men to commis- sioned officers, and among the latter by juniors to seniors in rank, also the compliments paid by the military or naval services of a nation to the ruler or representative of another nation. All army officers salute on meeting and in making or receiving official rejiorts, the junior saluting first, except when the salute is intro- ductory to making a report to the representative of a common superior, as the adjutant, officer of the day, etc., when the officer making the report salutes first. Enlisted men unarmed sa- lute with the hand farthest from the officer. Officers are always saluted whether in uniform or not. Enlisted men unarmed, whether covered or uncovered, salute before addressing an officer, and again after receiving a reply. In the Eng- lish army this detail differs to the extent that soldiers uncovered always salute by standing simply to attention. Soldiers in the I'nited States Regular Army are required to salute, in the prescribed form, officers of the navy, marines, volunteers, and militia, just as they would their own officers. When the national or regimental color standard uncased is carried past a guard or other armed body the salute is given, and the field music soimds 'to the color.' Officers and men armed sahite in the manner prescribed for such arnr. or if unarmed, make the salute by uncovering. British regulations differ again here in that under no circumstances, save in church and during a part of the burial service, do officers or men uncover. Salutes with Cannon are fired between sun- rise and sunset only, Sundays usually excepted, and the national Hag is displayed. The national salute of '21 guns is ueeorded to the President on his arrival and deiiarlure from a military post or naval vessel, no other personal salute being allowed in his presence. The number of gun.s prescribed for other officials is as follows: The Vice-President, 111; Ambassador, 111; Secretiiry of War, Secretary of the Navy, or other Cabinet officer. Chief .Justice, Govcriior-(eiieral. (iovernor of Stale in- Territory, or island. President of the Senate, Speaker of the House of Representa- tives, committee of Congress, admiral, or gen- eral, 17; Assistant Secretary of the Navy, Envoy Extraordinary, vice-admiral, or lieutenant-gen- eral, lo: minister resident, rear-admiral, or major-general, l.'l; charg*'' d'affaires, eoniinodore, or brigadier-general, 11: consul-general, !); con- sul, 7: vice-consul, or commercial agent, .'>. In the navy salutes are of various kinds. A junior or inferior salutes a senior or superior by touching his cap. Other salutes are tiring of guns, manning of yards, dipping of colors, etc. Men in boats salute by lying on their oar.s or tossing them. In the United States and in most other services 0-poundcr guns are used for salut- ing when the ship has pieces of that calibre. When a man-of-war fires a salute to a foreign fiag or a foreign officer the salute is returned gun for gun; but if the salute is to an officer of the same service the latter only returns the number of guns to which the junior is en- titled by his rank. The salute by dipping of colors is made by a man-of-war only in answer to a similar salute made by a merchant ves.sel. As few modern men-of-war have yards, manning the yards is no longer a common usage. SALUZZO, sa-loci'tso. A city in the Province of Cuneo, Italy, at the foot of the Alps, near the right bank of the Po, 18 miles by rail north- northwest of Cuneo (Map: Italy, 15 3). It ha.s- a semi-Gothic cathedral, begun in 1480. The man- ufactures are silk fabrics, leather goods, iron ware, and hats. The chief tr;ulc is in grain, wine, and cattle. The Marquisate of Saluzzo. created in the first half of the twelfth century, lasted till 1548, when the city was seized by the Ercneh, who gave it up to Savoy in IGOl. Population (commune), in 1001, 16,394. SALVADOR, siil'ra-Dor'. The smallest and most densely populated republic of Central America, bounded on the north by Honduras, on the east by Honduras and the (iulf of Fonseca, on the south by the Pacific Coast, and on the northwest b.y Guatemala ( Jlap : Central America, C 4). Its area is 813.5 scpiarc miles. Topoc.R.pnv. Along the n(U'thern border ex- tends the great Sierni Madre of Central .iiieriea. with many peaks ranging from (1000 th 8000 feet, culminating in that of Cacagnatique. Parallel with this and about .30 miles to the south extends a lower range, or rather elevated tableland, marked bv clusters of volcanic peaks, of which Izalco (q.v.) is the most noted. There are de- posits of gold, silver, copiier, and lead in the east- ern part of the Re])iiblic, iron in the western, and coal in the Leiiipa Valley. There are about 1.50 mines in operation. Hetween (he main ranges is a tableland diversified by short mountain s|uirs and drained largely by the l.einpa, the chief river of the Republic, and the San Miguel. This lofty valley constitutes its most fertile, most