Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/556

* SALTPETKE. 498 SALUTATIONS. siiim rarlioimtc for llic leniovul of any lalcium or iimyiicHiiini sails thai may be present. Glue is then aildeil to the solution, and thus, on boil- ing, a seuni is formed on the surface containing ail)- organic substances that may be present. When the scum ceases to rise the liquid is al- lowed to settle and the clear portion is run off into coolers, from which the nitre separates as minute floury crystals which are finally washed to remove afl adhering mother liquor, iliieh of the commercial saltpetre is now made from -fhile saltpetre' (see below) by means of potassium chloride. Potassium nitrate is readily soluble in water. When heated to about 340° C. (044° F.) it fuses without decomposition, foniiing a thin liquid, which, cast into molds, solidities to a white, translucent, fibnms mass known as sal IMiiiicIle. It finds extensive use in the arts, as in the manufacture of gunpowder and other ex- plosives, and a small proportion is employed in the making of fireworks and matches: also it serves as a preservafive for foods, as a flux in assaying, as an ingredient of certain tire-extin- guishers, and in medicine. Chile saltpetre, or cubic nitre, is the mineral sodium nitrate that is found native along the western coast of South America, especially in Northern Chile and Bolivia, where it occurs in beds several feet in thickness. The commercial article is prepared by lixiviation of the crude material with boiling water, concentration, and crystallization. The resulting salt contains from 92 to 97 per cent, of pure sodium nitrate. SALT RANGE, or Kalabagh. A mountain range of the Pimjab, India, between the Indus and the Jhelum (Map: India, B 2). It is a nigged chain of rocky and barren peaks from 2000 to 5000 feet high, and is noted for immense deposits of pure rock salt. SALTS. Compounds formed by the substitu- tion of metals for the hydrogen of acids. See Acids; Dissociation; Chemistry (historical section). SALTS, Smelling. A preparation of carbon- ate of ammonia with some of the sweet-scented volatile oils, used as a restorative by persons suffering from faintness. The pungency of the ammonia is all that is useful, the oils being added to make it more agreeable. Oils of laven- der, lemon, cloves, and bergamot are those chiefly used. SALT SPRING. A common terra for sub- terranean saline waters which reach the surface through natural or artificial passages. Aside from their unusually large content of dissolved minerals salt springs possess no distinctive fea- tures of interest. See Spring and Salt. SALTTJS, siil'tus, Edgar Evertson (1858—). An .Vnurican novelist and journalist, born in New York City. He received his education in Saint Paul's School, Concord, N. H., and later in the Sorbonne and the Universities of Munich and Heidelberg. He graduated from the Colum- bia Law School in 1880. His first published works were biographical and philosophical: Bal- zac (1884) ; The Philosophy of Disenchantment (1885) ; and The Anatomy of yeqation (1880). Later hp wrote much fiction, dealing chiefly with contemporary fashionable life: Mr. IncouJ's Mis- adienture. (1887) ; The Truth About Trisirem Varick (1888) ; Eden (1888) ; A Transaction in ncarts (1889) ; The Pace that Kills (1889) ; A Transient Guest (1889) ; Lore and Lore (1890) ; Mary Magdalen (1891); A Story Without a yame (1891) ; Imperial Purple (1892) ; Madame Sapphira (1893); Enthralled (1894); When Dreams Come True (1895). An elder brother, Fr.vncis Saltus Saltus (1849-89), was a poet, traveler, and linguist, whose first volume. Honey and Call, appeared in 1873. After his death his poems were cditeil in four volumes liy his father. SALTYKOFF, sal'ti-kof, :Mikiiail. A Rus- sian writer. See SlITCUEDRIN. SALTZMANN, ziilti'man, K.vrl (1847—). A tiernuin nuuine and landscape painter, born in Berlin. He was for three years a pupil of Her- man Eschke, then studied at Diisseldorf, and after traveling through Holland and Italy, set- tled in Berlin. Some coast and harbor views in Holland, as well as delineations of the agitated sea, e.g. "Entrance to Harbor of Kol- berg" (1878, collection of German Emperor), had already furnished proof of his remarkable talent, when "the chance came to him of acconiiianying Prince Henry of Prussia on his trip around the world in 1878-80. Of several pictures resulting from that tour may be m^itioned "Corvette Prince Adalbert in the Strait of ilagellan" (1833, Breslau Museum), and "In the Pacific Ocean" (1888, German Emperor). In the suite of Em- peror William II. he visited Saint Petersburg in 1888, Norway in 1889 and later, and from these and other journevs resulted such subjects as "William II'. Whaling in Norway" ( 1892), "Sur- render of Danish Ships at Eckernfiirde" (1894, Kiel Museum), "Opening of Kaiser- Wilhelm Canal" (1896), and "Sailing Vessel in Driftlce" (1898). The National Gallery in Berlin contains "Crui.ser Leipzig at Saint Helena" (1893) and "Manteuvre of Torpedo-Boats." In 1888 Saltz- mann was awarded the great gold medal at Ber- lin: in 1894 he became instructor, and in 189(> professor at the Academy. SA'LUS. The Roman goddess of health, cor- responding to the Greek Hygeia. She had a temple on the Quirinal Hill dating from B.C. 307. She is represented with a rudder and globe or pouring a libation on an altar encircled by a serpent. SALTJTATI, sil'loo-tii'te, or SALTJTATO, CoLVCCio DE' ( 1330-1406) . An Italian humanist. In 1375 he was appointed Chancellor of Florence, and in that capacity he exercised great influence throughout Italy. "His State papers were writ- ten in elegant Latin. Among his writings were biographies of Boccaccio, Petrarch, and Dante, and a translation into Latin of part of the Dirina Commedia. He also directed the publi- cation of Petrarch's epic, Africa. Collections of his epistles appeared at Rome in 1741 and 1742. Consult Tirabosehi, Storia dclhi lettcratura itali- ana, vol. xii. (Florence, 1805-13). SALUTATIONS (Lat. salutatio, from salu- tare, to salute, from salus, health, prosperity, from salriis^ safe: connected with Skt. sarra, whole, entire). The employment of formal and prescribed methods of address when one person encounters another. Such greetings were for- merly graduated according to rank; in recent times, with increasing democracy, they have grown less and less precise. Salutations may be made either by words or gestures. With respect to the verbal formulas they mav be classified