Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/543

SALIVATION.  may occur in facial paralysis, diphtheritic paralysis, chronic bulbar palsy, and idiocy; this is due rather to an inability to retain the secretion than to overproduction. When due to mercury, salivation is manifested by a metallic taste, a foul-smelling breath, and tenderness on pressure of the jaws and teeth. The gums and tongue are red and swollen, the latter coated heavily and showing the imprint of the teeth. In severe cases the gums may bleed and ulcerate, the teeth become loosened, and the cheeks and mouth become gangrenous. Pain, sleeplessness, fever, and constitutional depression may be extreme. For the treatment of mercurial salivation, see and.  SALLE,,. See .  SALLEE,, or SLA. A seaport of Morocco, situated at the mouth of the Bu Regreb, opposite Rabat (Map:, D 1). It is noted for its fine carpets. The chief export is wool. Sallee was formerly notorious as the haunt of pirates. Population, about 10,000.  SALLOW. A popular name for various species of willow.  SAL′LUST ( 80-34). A Roman historian, born at Amiternum, in the Sabine country. Though of a plebeian family, he rose to official distinction, first as quæstor about 59, and afterward as tribune of the people in 52, when he joined the popular party against Milo, who in that year had killed Clodius. His reputation for morality was never high; and his intrigue with Milo's wife is assigned as the cause of his being expelled in 50 from the senate, although his attachment to Cæsar's party is a more plausible reason of his expulsion. In the Civil War he joined the camp of Caesar; and in 47, when Cæsar's fortune was in the ascendent, he was made prætor-elect, and was consequently restored to his former rank. When in Campania, at the head of some of Cæsar's troops, who were about to be transported to Africa, he nearly lost his life in a mutiny. In 46, however, we find him engaged in Cæsar's African campaign, at the close of which he was left as Governor of Numidia. His administration was sullied by various acts of oppression, particularly by his enriching himself at the expense of the people. He was, for these offenses, accused before Cæsar, but seems to have escaped being brought to trial. His immense fortune, so accumulated, enabled him to retire from the prevailing civil commotion into private life, and devote his remaining years to those historical works on which his reputation rests. He died in 34. His histories, which seem to have been begun only after his return from Numidia, are: First, the Catilina or Bellum Catilinarium, descriptive of Catiline's conspiracy in 63; second, the Jugurtha, or Bellum Jugurthinum, describing the war between the Romans and Jugurtha, the King of Numidia. These, the only genuine works of Sallust which have reached us entire, are of great but unequal merit. The quasi-philosophical reflections which are prefixed to them are of no value, but the histories themselves are powerful and animated, and contain effective speeches of his own composition, which he puts into the mouths of his chief characters. With its literary excellence, however, the value of the Jurgurtha stops, as in military, geographical, and even

chronological details, it is very inexact. Of Sallust's lost work, Historiarum Libri Quinque, only fragments exist, some of which were found as late as 1886. Sallust has the merit of having been the first Roman who wrote what we now understand by history. The most convenient edition of the complete text of Sallust's works is that of Eussner (Leipzig, 1893). There are also good editions by Jordan (Berlin, 1887) and Dietsch (Leipzig, 1884); and of the Catiline and Jugurtha by Capes (Oxford, 1884). The most accessible translations are those of Watson (New York, 1859) and Mongan (1864).  SALLUST,. The beautiful gardens laid out by the historian Sallust on the Quirinal Hill, later the favorite residence of several Roman emperors, who adorned them with magnificent works of art. The gardens survived until recently where the Villa Massimi stood.  SALLY-PORT. In fortification, usually a cutting made through the glacis by which a sally may be made from the covered way. The term has also been applied to the postern leading from under the rampart into the ditch. The sally-port was an important feature of all the old castles and fortified buildings of Europe. See .  SALMASIUS,, , or (1588-1055). A French classical scholar and Protestant, born April 15, 1588, at Sémur-en-Auxois, France. After studying at Paris and Heidelberg he was made professor at Leyden (1031), but, in part because of the sensation caused by his Defensio regia pro Carolo I. (1649) and Milton's fierce rejoinder, he accepted an invitation to Stockholm (1650), whence he returned in 1651 with shattered health to Leyden. He died September, 1655, at Spa. Salmasius had immense but ill-digested learning. He was a great encyclopædist, but with little method, and weak as a textual critic. He is remembered for his discovery of the Greek Anthology of Kephalas at Heidelberg (1606), for editions of Scriptores Historiæ Augustæ (1620), and for Plinianæ Exercitationes in Solinum (1629), De Lingua Hellenistica (1643), De Usuris (1638), and De Re Militari Romanorum (1657). Salmasius's Life and Letters appeared at Leyden (1656). Consult: Masson, Life of Milton, vol. iv. (London, 1858-79); Creuzer, Opuscula Selecta, vol. ii. (Leipzig, 1854); and Saxius, Onomasticon, vol. iv. (Utrecht, 1775-83). <section end="Salmasius, Claudius" /><section begin="Salmon" /> SALMON (OF., Fr. saumon, from Lat. salmo, salmon, leaper, from salire, Gk., hallesthai, to leap). A large fish (Salmo salar) of the northern oceans, ascending rivers annually to spawn. The name ‘salmon’ is also used for other more or less closely related species, and it gives the name to a family, the Salmonidæ, to which salmon, trout, whitefish, and various related forms of fishes belong. Although a small family, comprising less than 100 species, this group stands first in popular interest from almost every point of view. The following are the chief external characters of the salmon family: Body oblong or moderately elongate, covered with cycloid scales of varying size. Head naked. Mouth terminal or somewhat inferior, varying considerably among the different species, those having the mouth largest usually having also the strongest teeth. (See illustration under .) Maxillary provided with a supplemental bone,<section end="Salmon" />