Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/542

* SALISHAN STOCK. 486 SALIVATION. Tritisli Coluiiiliiii. with the opposite coast of Vnncouver Jslniid. topctlior with nearly all of northern and western Washington and north- western Montana and Idaho, besides one or tvo detaelied trihes along the Oregon coast. There is also strong probahility that the tribes now classed under the Wnkashan" (q.v.) stock of Vancouver Island, with the more northern Hailtzuk, will nltiinatoly be proved to l)e of the same connec- tion. They may be classed roughly in two groups: the fishing triljes of the coast and Puget Sound region, and the root and berry gatherers of the interior. Their primitive char- acteristics were of a very low order. They had no agriculture, and there could hardly be said to have been any form of government. The clan system was unknown. The houses were usually large communal ihvellings of split cedar boards. Among the coast tribes the dead were usually laid away in canoes set upon posts in the woods, and slaves were sacrificed near the spot, being sometimes bound and left thus to starve to death. There was constant petty warfare among the various small l)ands, the weapons being clubs and bows, with protective body armor of toughened hide or strips of wood. Scalping was not prac- ticed, but the slain were frequently beheaded. Head-Hattening was common among nearly all the tribes, particularly near the coast, as was also the curious custom of potlatch (q.v.). All the dialects are exceptionally harsh and difficult in pronunciation, and but little study has yet been made of them. The Chinook jargon (q.v.) was also in use as a regular trading medium. The majority of their tribes now retain but few of their aboriginal characteristics. Among the eighty or more tribal divisions may be mentioned the Bellacoola, Clallam, Colville, Flathead or Salish proper, Kalispel, Lake. Lummi, Nisqually, Okinagan, Puyallup. Quinault. Sanpoil, Shusli- wap, Skokomish, .Songeesh, Spokan, Tulalip. Their present numbers are about 20,000, nearly equally divided between the United States and British Columbia. SALIS-SEEWIS, Ger. pron. za'les-z.'i'ves ; Fr. sa'les' sft'ves', Johann Gaudenz, Baron von (17021834). A Swiss poet, born in Bothmar Castle, near llalans. Orisons. In 1770 he went to Paris and entered the Swiss guards, in which he advanced rapidly. He returned to Switzer- land in 1703, married the 'Berenice' of his poems, and took a prominent part in Swiss politics, be- coming leader of the patriots and inspector-gen- eral of their forces. In 1817 he retired to his estate at ^falans. His poems were first pub- lished in 1703, and a twelfth enlarged edition appeared in 1830. With Matthisson he repre- sents the sentimental nature poets, but ranks as less sentimental, more individual, and more ob- jective than his colleague. His ''Silent Land," in Longfellow's translation, is well known to English readers. For his biography, consult Roder (Saint C4all, 1863) and Frey" (Frauen- fcld, 1880). SAXIVAKY GLAND (Lat. saUvarius, relat- ing to saliva, from saliva, spittle; connected with Gk. fflaXov, sialoii, Euss. slina, Gael, seile, spittle). A gland which conveys certain secre- tions into the mouth, where, when mixed with the niueus secreted by the mucous membrane, they constitute the ordinary or mixed saliva. Tlicre are three pairs of salivary glands: The parotid (jhind is the largest of the three glands occurring on either side, it lies upon the side of the face immediately in front of the external ear. and weighs from half an ounce to an ounce. Its duct is about two inches and a half in length, and opens into the mouth liy a small orifice op- posite the second molar tooth of the upper jaw. The walls of the duct are dense and somewhat thick, and the caliber is about that of a crow- quill. ( For structure, see Gland. ) the suh maxil- lary gland is situated, as its name implies, below the jaw-bone, and is placed at nearly equal dis- tances from the parotid and sublingual glands. Its duct is about two inches in length, and opens by a narrow orifice on the top of a papilla, at the side of the fra-nura of the tongue. The sub- lingual gland is situated, as its name implies, under the tongue, each gland l.ving on either side of the frsenum of the tongue. It has a number of excretory duets, which open separately into the mouth. True salivary glands exist in all mammals except the Cetaceie, in birds and reptiles (includ- ing amphibians), but not in fishes; and glands discharging a similar function occur in insects, maii.v niollusks, etc. In insects and vertebrates this fluid is chiefly diastatie in character, chang- ing starch to sugar. In mollusks an oesophageal gland, called 'salivary.' secretes an acid fluid, which, like the hydrochloric acid of the verte- brate stomach, is chiefly antiseptic in its func- tion. Certain special glands pour their secre- tions into the buccal cavity, such as the spin- ning-glands of caterpillars and the glands of the swifts (q.v.) that supply the material of their nests. For the chemical and plij-sical char- acters of the saliva, see Digestion. The most common disease of the parotid is the specific inflammation commonly known as mumps (q.v.). These glands may also become acutely inflamed during some of the infectious diseases (e.g. scarlet fever, smallpox, or ty- phoid), and in these cases they readily go on to suppuration, requiring earlj' incision. Many of the tumors develop in this site, some of great malignanc.y, and they present serious difliculties to operative interference. The facial nerve is especially liable to injury during operation, with resulting facial paralysis. At times the excreting duct becomes occluded by a calculus and a troublesome salivary fistula follows unless it i^ promptly removed. Increase of secretion, defi- ciency of secretion, or an acid or fetid change present annoying complications in ditt'erent dis- eases. See Salivation. SALIVATION (Lat. salivatio, from salivare, to spit, from s<iliva, spittle), or Ptyalism. An excessive .secretion of saliva, due to irritation of the salivary glands, and usually attended with soreness and swelling of the mucous membranes of the mouth and throat. It is commonly in- duced by mercury or its compounds in excessive and long continued dosage, but may arise from other drugs, notably pilocarpine, potassium iodide, muscarine, cantharides, copper, gold, and tobacco. Certain diseases also are provocative of an increased salivary flow, among which may be mentioned parotitis, quinsy, hydrophobia, scurvy, hysteria, stomatitis, trigeminal neuralgia, and dental irritations, including the process of dentition itself. It is an occasional phenomenon of pregnancy and menstruation. Apparent sali-