Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/536

SALEM. Tirumanimuttar River (Map:, C 6). It is attractively situated, in the hilly Shevaroy region, much resorted to for its picturesque scenery, and has a college and high schools. Weaving and the manufacture of carpets and cutlery are important industries. In the vicinity there are rich deposits of iron and limestone. Population, in 1901, 70,621.  SALEM. A city and the county-seat of Marion County, Ill., 70 miles east of Saint Louis, Mo.; on the Baltimore and Ohio Southwestern and the Chicago and Eastern Illinois railroads, and the terminus of the Illinois Southern (Map:, D 5). It is surrounded by a section noted for the production of apples, and engaged also in farming and stock-raising. There are coal deposits and mineral springs in the vicinity. Flour is the principal manufactured product. Population, in 1890, 1493; in 1900, 1642.  SALEM. A city and the county-seat of Essex County, Mass., 16 miles northeast of Boston; on Massachusetts Bay and on the Boston and Maine Railroad (Map:, F 2). It is situated on a narrow peninsula. Salem is intimately connected with the history of the colonial period, and its quaint old houses and irregular streets are of great interest. Hawthorne's birthplace and early home, the custom-house where he wrote the preface to The Scarlet Letter, and the home of Roger Williams are especially noteworthy. Other features include three attractive parks: the Willows, the Common, and Mack Park; the Essex Institute, with interesting paintings and relics, and a library of 100,000 volumes and 400,000 pamphlets; the Salem Athenæum, with a library of 32,000 volumes; the Peabody Academy of Science, the home of the East India Museum; and the public library, with 40,000 volumes. One of the educational institutions is a State Normal School. There are in the city an almshouse, the Bertram Home for Aged Men, Home for Aged Women, City Orphan Asylum, and Salem Hospital, besides two other hospitals. Formerly noted for its commercial importance, Salem is at present primarily an industrial city, the various industries having in the census year 1900 an invested capital of $7,450,935, and an output valued at $12,257,449. Boots and shoes, cotton goods, leather, machinery, and lumber products constitute the leading manufactures. The government is vested in a mayor, chosen annually, and a bicameral council, and in subordinate officials, who are either elected by the council or chosen by popular vote. For maintenance and operation, the city spends annually about $552,000, the main items being: for schools, $118,000; interest on debt, $52,000; streets, $52,000; charities, $47,000; police department, $38,500: municipal lighting, $37,000; and fire department, $35,000. The water-works are owned by the municipality. Population, in 1890, 30,801; in 1900, 35,956.

Salem (the Indian Naumkeag), after Plymouth, the oldest town in Massachusetts, was first settled by Roger Conant and his associates in 1626. In 1628 Governor John Endicott at the head of a small company came hither from England and in 1629 the present name was adopted. In 1692 the witchcraft delusion appeared in the district later set apart as Danvers, and in the six months from March to September nineteen persons were hanged and one old man was pressed to death. On February 26, 1775, a small body of

English troops under Colonel Leslie, sent from Boston to destroy supplies stored at Salem, was met at North Bridge and forced to retire, this being one of the first instances in the colonies of armed resistance to Great Britain. For many years after the Revolution, Salem was an important commercial centre, and it was by Salem merchants that American trade was opened with China, Japan, Africa, and Brazil. But, the depth of the harbor being insullicient for vessels of large draught, Salem's trade was gradually transferred to Boston and New York. Salem was incorporated as a town in 1630 and was chartered as a city in 1836. Consult: Felt, Annals of Salem (Salem, 1845-49); Osgood and Batchelder, Historical Sketch of Salem (ib., 1879); Upham, Salem Witchcraft, with an Account of Salem Village (Boston, 1867); Webber and Nevins, Old Naumkeag (Salem, 1878); Nevins, Witchcraft in Salem Village (ib., 1892); and a sketch in Powell, Historic Towns of the New England States (New York, 1898).  SALEM. A city and the county-seat of Salem County, N. J., 38 miles south by west of Philadelphia; on the Salem River, near its confluence with the Delaware, and on the West Jersey and Seashore Railroad, and the Salem and Philadelphia Steamboat Line (Map:, B 4 ). It is an attractive residential place, and has the John Tyler Library, with 11,600 volumes, and the Friends' Select Graded School. The surrounding region is engaged in farming. Salem is an important industrial centre, its principal establishments including glass works, fruit and vegetable canneries, and manufactories of oilcloth, wall paper, hosiery, women's garments, iron castings, machinery, and carriages. The government, under the revised charter of 1868, is vested in a mayor, elected every three years, and a unicameral council. The water-works are owned and operated by the municipality. Population, in 1890, 5516; in 1900, 5811.

Settled in 1675 by John Fenwick and a company of Quakers, Salem was incorporated as a town in 1695, and became a city in 1858. During the Revolution it was alternately occupied by British and American troops. Consult Johnson, An Historical Account of the First Settlement of Salem (Philadelphia, 1839).  SALEM. A city in Forsyth County, N. C., 112 miles west by north of Raleigh; on the Southern and the Norfolk and Western railroads (Map:, B 1). It is the seat of the Salem Female Academy and College (Moravian), opened in 1802. Salem is chiefly a residential city adjoining Winston, the county-seat, the two municipalities forming practically one industrial community. (See .) Under the revised charter of 1891, the government is vested in a mayor, elected biennially, and a unicameral council. Salem was founded by a body of Moravians in 1766 and was for many years distinctively a church community—the church having complete charge of secular as well as ecclesiastical affairs. Count Zinzendorf drew up the plans on which Salem was laid out. Population, in 1800, 2711; in 1900, 3642.  SALEM. A city in Columbiana County, Ohio, 70 miles southeast of Cleveland; on the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne and Chicago, and the Pittsburg, Lisbon and Western railroads (Map:, J 4). It has a public library. Salem is the centre of a coal-mining region, and manufactures