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* SAINT LOUIS. 457 SAINT LCUIS WORLD'S FAIR. The public tliaritics toiiiinisc a city ilispon- sary, city lis])ital, insane asylum, female hos- pital, poorliouse, ami house of refuse, the last- named institution serving llie duuhle purpose of prison and reform school for youtliful delin- quents. A juvenile court for dealing wit!- these otl'enders was introduced in 10O3. The Jlissouri School for the Blind is maintained at the expense of the State., with none of the features either of an asylum or a reformatory. The city liealth department includes a department of experi- mental bacteriology, which serves in tracing and checicing germ diseases, and in the care of the water supply. At the close of the fiscal year 1902 the city had 451.5 miles of paved streets, of which 240.53 miles were paved with nuicadam and the rest with granite, asphalt, telford. brick and brick- block, etc. Of the total mileage of streets, re- ported as 884.10 (1902), there were still unpaved 432.66 miles. Popi'LATiON. The population was, in 1880, 350,518: in 1890, 451.770; in 1900, 575,238. From 1810. the date of the first Federal census, to 1880, the totals include with the city of Saint Louis the population of Saint Louis Countv, which in 1880 was separately enume- rated 'at 31.888. The population of "city and countv prior to 1880 was as ftdlows: 1810, 5667; 1820." 10.049: 1830. 14,125: 1840, 3.5,979; 1850, 104.978; 1800. 190..524; 1870, 351,189. The pop- ulation of the town itself was. in 1799, 925: 1810, 1400: 1820, 4000: 1830, 4977: 1840. 16.469; 1850, 77.860; 1860, 185.587; 1870, 310,864. The great growth between 1840 and 1850 had for one of its causes the German emigration follow- ing the revolutionary movement of 1848. This influence has been continuous. In 1900, 58.781 out of the total of 111.356 foreign-born resi- dents of the city were natives of the German Em- pire. This was 52.8 per cent., exclusive of Aus- trians of German race. In 1900, 17.4 per cent, of the foreign-born population was of Irish nativ- ity, 5.02 per cent, of English, and 4.03 of Rus- si."in. Tn that year Italy, Austria. Bohemia, and Poland had each less than three per cent, of flie total of foreign-born residents. Although the total of foreign-born is comparatively small, the native population born of white foreign parents is 239.170, the native po]uilation born of native white parents being 189,251. The total colored population, including Chinese, was 25,853. History. In 1764 Auguste Chouteau, then only fifteen years of age, acting uiider orders from Pierre Laclede Ligueste, established a fur- trading station at Saint Louis, and later in the same year Ligueste himself arrived and laid out a town which he predicted would becoTue one of the largest cities in the country. At first called 'La- clede's Village,' the place soon was named Saint Louis in honor of Louis IX. of France. In 1762, by secret treaty. France bad ceded all her terri- tory west of the ilississippi to Spain, but the lat- ter did not take possession until 1770. when Saint Louis became the capital of 'Upper Louisiana,' and Lieutenant-Governor Don Pedro Piemas took possession with a small body of Spanish troops. At that time the population was about 500. Though Spain continued in possession until 1803. the town remained essentially French. On May 26, 1780. a large force of Indians, in- Btigated by the English, attacked the place, but did conii)aralively little damage, though this year was afterwards known locally as 'L'annfe du graiul coup.' In 1803 'Louisiana' was formally retroeeded to France in pursuance of the Treaty of t>an lldefonso (1800^, bul several months later the United States came into possession by virtue of the "Louisiana Purcha.se' (q.v.). After this, inunigration from the Eastern States was rapid, and Saint Louis increased greatly in size and im|i(utance. The first newspaper began pub- lication in 1808, and in 1809 the town was intor- porated. With the appearance of the first steam- boat in 1815 a new ejjoch began for Saint Louis. John Jacob Astor o])ened here the 'Western Branch of the American Fur Company' in 1819, and the annual shipments soon amounted to $200,000. Saint Louis was chartered as a eity in 1822, though its e.xeepticmally rapid progress did not begin until about ten years later. In 1849 a fire destroye'd projierty valued at .$3,000,- 000, and an epidemic of cholera caused the deaths of 4000 of the 64.000 inhabitants. During the Civil War the sympathies of perhaps the majority of the people were with the South, and here in 1861 began the contest between the Unionists and the Secessionists for the control of Missouri. The Louisiana Purchase Exposition, which was to have been held here in 1903 to commemorate the acquisition of 'Louisiana' from France in 1803, was postponed to 1904. See Saint Louis World's Fair. Bibliography. Reavis, Saint Louis, the Com- mercial Metropolis of the Mississippi Valleij (Saint Louis, 1874) ; Overstolz, The Vitii of Sni'n'f Louis: Its Histoni, Oroicth. and Imluslries (ib., 1880); Yeakle, The City of Saint Louis: lis Progress and Prospects (ib., 1889) : Powell, Historic Toirns of the Western States (Xew York, 1900) ; Wandell, The Stori/ of a Great City in a Wntshell (Saint Louis, 1901); Shephard, The Early History of Saint Louis (ib., 1870) : Billon, Annals of Saint Louis in Its Early Days l'ii4<v the French and Spanish Dominations ( ib.. 1886) ; Annals of Saint Louis from DiO.'f to IS.iO ( ib., 1888) : and Scharf, History of Saint Louis (Phil- adelphia, 1887). SAINT LOUIS, Order of. A French mili- tary order of merit with three classes, foiuided by Louis XIV. in 1693, dissolved during the Revolution, restored by Louis XVIIT., and final- ly extinguished in 1830. The decoration, a white eight-pointed cross with lilies in the angles, bore the image of Saint Louis and the inscription Lud. Magn. inst. 169.i. On the reverse was a flaming sword with the inscription Bellicee Vir- tutis I'raiiiiuiii. SAINT LOUIS, 1'NIVEK.SITY OF. A Roman Catholic instituti(ui under .Jesuit control, in Saint Louis. Mo., established in 1829. It comprises the following departments : College, academy, com- mercial, military science, philoso|)hy, medical, and science, medicine, and divinity, with a total en- rollment in 1902 of 804 students, and a faculty inf 106. The buildings are valued at $900,000, the whole value of the college property being about $1,200,000. In the same year the endowment was .$184,000. and the income $42,150. The library contains about 43.000 volumes. SAINT LOUIS WORLD'S FAIR. .An inter- national exposition, in Saint Louis, Mo., beginning April 30, 1904, and having for its object the cele-