Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/459

* SAFES AND SAFE DEPOSIT VAULTS. 419 SAFETY-LAMP. States, and much used in car-wheel construction, of the workmen. Their height is usually l)elow Although naturally soft, and easily wrought, its the average, their bodies are weak and ana-mic. surface can be rendered exceedingly liard by Eventually the average length of life is short- sudden cooling; hence its name 'chilled iron.' ened. RohC gives the following stateiuient show- Certain vaults are made of masses of blocks of ing the average length of life in ilasBachusetta : chilled iron, of great size and weight, and with ingenious and curiously arranged rabbets and Factory workerg . . ^'ms dovetailed connections of block with block. The f'raftsmeii ...V.V,......V..V.V.V..V.V...V.VJ!!!!."!!!!!!."!."!!!!!!! so!8 external surfaces of these blocks are chilled to a ^"■■kingmeu without any deinite Tocation «7.« hardness impenetrable by a chisel or ordinary "rme™ 88.3 drill. The blocks weigh from three-fourths of a Among the most important safety appliances ton to several tons and are secured by an elabo- arc those designed to protect workmi'^n from viti- rate system of bolting, on the inside. The door ated air. Ordinary deterioration resulting from is a single casting of iron, two inches thick, and exhalation, or from illumination, can he avoided weighing five tons or more. It is chilled on by ventilation. Special appliances are necessarv to the exterior and slides on antifriction rollers guard against dust and gases. Of manv arrange- into a deep recess in the vault wall. ments for the removal of noxious gases", fans and In the third type, invented by William Corliss, hoods are among the most efTective. In many of Corliss engine fame, the safe consists of a smelting rooms sheet-meUl hoods are used, which spherical shell, from four to seven inches thick, can be moved vertically and are connected with chilled on its surface about two inches deep, the chimney by pipes. " When material is melted Within this shell is a 'bugging,' composed of a hoods are let down to cover the smelting kettles. set of cast-iron segments of sufficient thickness Mechanical stirrers arc used to obviate the neces- to permit the passing into them, in holes cast for sity of workmen standing over the kettles. Dust that purpose, of a set of tool-steel rods, hardened in "its several forms — metallic, mineral, vegetable, as hard as fire and water can make them, and animal, and mixed— is removed by exhausters, or lying loosely in their places. It is supposed that l.iid by water-sprayers. In especially dangerous a drill, striking one of them, will be unable to industries workmen are provided witii respirators penetrate the metal, and the rod, turning under —usually in the form of a sponge or cloth worn it, will simply break the drill. The door of this over the "mouth. Workmen can be iircitectcd from safe consists of a sphere or an oblate spheroid injuries resulting from the character of materials of iron, also chilled on its exposed face, hollowed handled. Impermeable gloves and shoes can be out to receive the locks and attachment of the provided against hot liquid. Dangerous maehin- bolting system, and fitted into the doorway, which ery can be fenced. Consult Doehring, "Kactory is simply a circular orifice in the outer shell, by Sanitation and Labor Protection," Build in of exactly turned and faced stepped joints. The Department of Labor, No. .'i-'i. door is brought up to its place by pressure acting _, ______ _ , ___ , , , , outward. It is the conclusion "of most safe ex ,J^^^^:^^^: "^ ^fT "f*^ ^^ """""' perts that with sufficient time and good tools the flame of which is protected by wire gauze, and other material it is possible to penetrate «° that the ignition of inflammable f-'ases i8 probably all forms of safes. This, however, does gT^^^'^pt'^'J', I" ^^<'. ^J^ !'!"'!'' myented by not destroy their usefulness, as rarely if ever is Sir Humphry Davy in 1815, the cylinder is cov- sufficient time at the disposal of the burglar, f <^f 7'*'^ ,f •'lose "'^'tallic gauze, and is pro- while tools of the requisitl quality, high explo- te-^t^-f ^.Y three external, strong, uprigh wires. J ., i ■ 1, "n., 1 ,.„„ 1 i,;„ w uch meet in a p ate or cap at the top sives, and other materials are usually be3-ond his. .'^.,.11^' i- ti, • •' to which a ring is attached for suspending the ,T ■ ,, • 1 1 c i 4 J • lamp. The oil is supplied to the interior by a faults are simply larger safes constructed in. ' • i.- ^ A 11 j .1 '■ 1 ,,, , ' • r 1 c 4 r,T I, pipe proiecting from the cylinder, and the wick the form of rooms instead of portable boxes. ! '. .r J e. , t •. ,,, 1 T,. J. c iu c ■ t ■ I IS trimmed by a wire bent at tlie upper end. and Ihis permits of the use of more massive material. , ., •, i,. *. en 1, n „* „ ^ ^,, r ■ ■ passed through the bottom of the lamp, so that BiBLiOGR.^piiY. The report of a commission f,,^ ^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^ ^,p ,.p,„,„.p,, f^r this process, of experts appointed by the Secretary of the ^yj^^^ ^ lighted lamp of this kind is introduced Treasury (Washington, 1804) contains an inter- ^^^^ ^^ explosive mixture of air and firedamp, esting account of experiments with high explo- ^^^ ^^j^g -^ ^p^„ gradually to enlarge as the pro- sives made on the difl^erent safes manufactured potion of light carbureted hydrogen increases, in the United States. The tests were made by ^^^^ ,j^ ,.,^j j^ fin^ t),,. enti"re gauze cylinder. Prof. Chas. E. Munroe and Lieut. Sam 1 Rod- -whenever this pale, enlarged flame is s'een the man, Jr., U. S. Army. See also the article by jj^i^^^s should depart to a place of safety, for, Henry W. Chubb, on "Locks and Safes, pub- although no explosion can occur while the gauze Vishedinihe Journal of the Societi/ of Arts (Lon- ;^ g^^jjj ,.pj_ ^^ „ ^igh temperature the metal don, April 14, 1893 ) . Also the chapter on "Amer- becomes ra"pidly oxidized, and might easily break ; ican Safe Works," by Wm. B. Marvin, in Depew, ^^^ ^ g;^„,p ;,,;e,-ture of sufficient size would then One Hundred Tears of A7nerican Commerce (New (,<.pasjon ^ destructive explosion. Sir Humjihry York, 1895). Davy's claim as an original discoverer was im- SAFETY APPLIANCES. Methods and mediately challenged by various persons, among mechanisms used to insure workmen against bod- whom may be especially noticed Dr. Reid Ctanny. ily harm. With the multiplication of factories of Newcastle, and the great engineer George and the increasing use of machinery, the necessity Stephenson. Clanny s safety-lamp was based on of safeguarding the conditions under which labor the principle of forcing air through water by bel- is performed has become a vital one to the pub- lows: but the machine was ponderous and corn- lie as well as to the workmen. The result of plicated, and required a boy to work it. In later long-continued labor in industries not properly forms of the Clanny lamp the bellows was omit- eafeguarded manifests itself upon the physique ted and a glass cylinder was used to surround