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* SASTLEB. 418 SAFES AND SAFE DEPOSIT VAULTS. in 1878 was appointed to a like chair in the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy. He was chemical editor of the American reprint of the Umyclopwdia Britannica, became chemical edi- tor of the United Slates Dispensatory in 1880, and wrote a Uand-Iiook of Chemical Experimen- tation (1877); Industrial Organic Chemistry (1891): and Pharmaceutical Chemistry (with Coblentz, 1895). SafaAiK, shaf'Ar-shIk, Pavel Josef ( 1795- 1801). A Slavic philologist, born at Kobeljarowo, Hungary, and educated at Kesmark and Jena. After acting for two years as a private tutor at Pressburg, he became in 1819 director of the Servian g'mnasium at Neusatz. He resigned this post in 1833 and removed to Prague, where he s|jent the remainder of his life. From 1837 till 1847 he was a censor, and in 1841 became connected with the library of Prague, of which he was appointed librarian seven years later, having declined calls to Moscow and to both Breslau and Berlin. He accepted, however, in 1848, the appointment to the chair of Slavic philology, founded at his own suggestion in the University of Prague, but resigned it in the following year. In 1857 he became insane. Saf.arlk was a prolific author. His principal work was the t^lovansk-e Starozitnosti {Shtric Antiquities) (1837; 2d ed. 18(33; trans, into German 1842-44). Important also were his col- lection of Slovak folksong, prepared in col- laboration with Kollar and others (1823-27); Slovanshy Xurodopis (Slavic Ethnology) (1842; 3d ed. 1849), containing a chart of the Slavic dialects; Pocatkovc starocesk6 mlumiice (Ele- ments of Old Czech Grammar) ( 1845) ; Geschiehte der slatcisehen Hjyraclie und Litteratur (1826; 2d ed. 1869) : Die altesten DenkmAler der biih- misehen Sprache (in collaboration with Palack^', 1840) ; Glagolitische Fragmente (in collaboration with Hofler, 1857) ; Geschiehte der siidslawischen Litteratur (3 vols., ed. by Jire?ek, 1864-65). SAFED, sii'fed'. A city in Palestine, situated on a mountain 2500 feet high, 13 miles north by west of Tiberias (Map: Palestine, C 2). It has ruins of a huge oval castle built by the Crusaders in the twelfth century. TTiere is a college for instruction in Hebrew and the Talmud. The in- dustries are dyeing and the manufacture of cloth. The surrounding country grows grapes and olives abundantly. Before 1837 Safed was a handsome town. In that year it was partly de- stroyed by an eartliquake and more than 4000 persons were killed. Population, about 25,000, the bulk of whom are Jews, who believe that the Messiah will make Safed his capital. SAFES AND SAFE DEPOSIT VAULTS ('OF. sauf, saulf, salf, Fr. sauf, from Lat. salvns, safe, whole ; connected with Skt. sarva, whole, entire). The first attempt to make a fireproof safe dates from about 1820 when a metal box was built in France with double walls, filled be- tween with a non-conducting composition. A little later a so-called fireproof safe was in- vented in New England. It was built of oak planks, three or four inches thick, saturated with an alkali, covered with thin sheets of iron and secured with many bands of iron. In the New York conflagration of 1835 hundreds of these safes were destroyed. In 1843 a fireproof safe was patented by Edward Fitzgerald in which plaster of Paris was the non-conducting mate- rial. To-day safes are built of iron or steel and the packing used is some non-conducting sub- stance, as clay, concrete, or plaster of Paris. In this packing either (1) alum or some other salt which when exposed to heat gives off large quan- tities of water is placed, or (2) glass or metal vessels filled with water are so arranged in the packing as to give off steam when subjected to great heat. The contents of a safe cannot be in- jured by fire as long as the inner chest is sur- rounded by steam at 212° F. It is essential that there be suflicient water to furnish steam through a protracted fire, that the water be retained un- til required by heat, and that in ordinary use the safe be free from dampness. Substances which contain water in their chemical composition seem to meet these' requirements more satisfactorily than water itself. Security against burglary is procured in three different ways : ( 1 ) by the 'laminated' construc- tion; (2) by the use of blocks of chilled iron, a method particularly adapted to the construction of large vaults, rather than portable safes: (3) by spherical chilled-iron safes. In the laminated type of construction the chamber designed to be burglar-proof is made of alternate layers of soft and tough steel or iron, and of plates of steel hardened as intensely as is found practicable; the two metals being laid alternately, one over the other in the walls of the chamber, in such manner as finally to constitute as nearly as possible a single mass. The idea of the construc- tors is to insure strength, toughness, and per- manence of form by the use of the softer but more ductile material, while the harder and more brittle gives a certain immunity from the dangers of attack by drilling the mass. A com- mon method of manufacture is to alternate three layers of iron or soft steel with two intermediate layers of steel capable of taking on extreme hardness, and to roll them down together hot to form one finely tempered sheet of about one-half an inch thick. Composite sheets of this sort are then built into the walls of the safe or vault, alternating with heavj' one-half inch iron or steel plates. Sometimes, instead of steel, a material made from franklinite ore found in Sussex County, N. .T., is used. This material is said to be harder than the hardest tempered steel. In safe construction joints are avoided as much aii possible and rounding corners used. The weak point in ordinary safe construction is the door, with its lock-spindle and jambs. To do away with a key-hole, the 'time lock' has been introduced (see Lock), and various contrivances have been adopted to secure so tight a joint about thedoor that it is impenetrable both for tools and for the liquid explosives so commonly used by burglars. Sometimes an air-tight packing is interposed between the jambs and their abut- ments. In certain safes a screw door is used. la others the doors are made with a set of dovetails, engaging with the corresponding parts of the jamb. In the second and third types of safes, instead of a series of sheets, con.stituting a built-up structure, a single mass of metal is used. The two qualities of toughness and hardness are ob- tained by modifying the character of the metal, from inside to outside. The metal employed is a peculiar grade of iron, found in certain locali- ties, both in the East and West of the United