Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/455

* 1795 he was appointed professor of Arabic in the newly founded Ecole des Langues Orientales, ia Paris. In 1806 he became also professor of Per- sian at the College de France, and in 1808 was elected a member of the Corps Lfgislatif. He was given the title of Baron in 1813, and in 1832 became a peer of France. With Abel Rfimusat he founded the Society Asiatique in 1822. De Sacy greatly furthered the study of Arabic by his text-books: Gramniaire arabe (1810; 2d ed. 1831); Chrest&mathie arabe (180G; 2d ed. 1826), and its supplement, Anthologie grammati- cale arabe (1829). Other noteworthy works were: I'rincipes de gramniaire generate (1799; 8th ed. 1852) ; a translation of Abd ul-Latif's Egypt with notes (1810); an edition of the Arabic book of fable, Calila et Dimna ( 1816), and of Farid-ud-din Attar's Pendname, with transla- tion and an Arabic preface written by himself (1819) ; ilimoires d'histoire et de litterature ori- entales (1818), the Makamat of Hariri (1822; 2d ed. 1847-53) ; Expose de la religion  SADDLE MOUNTAIN. The culminating group of the Taconic ilountains in northwestern Massachusetts. The highest peak is Mount Grey- lock, 3533 feet, the loftiest mountain in the State.  SADDLERY (from saddle, AS. sadol, OHG. satal, satul, Ger. Sattel, perhaps a Slavic loan- word, cf. OChurch Slav, sedlo, saddle; ultimate- ly connected with Skt. sad, Gk. i^tdtai, hezesthai, Lat. sedere, OChurch Slav, sesti, Goth, sitan, AS. sittan, OHG. sizzen, Ger. sitzen, to sit). The general furniture of horses. An ordinary harness consists of leather straps, simple or padded, and of the various rings and buckles with which these straps are united and fastened. With the invention of the leather- sewing machine, the process of making harness has been greatly simplified. In general the parts of a harness are: Crown, blinders, throat-latch, front, cheek-piece, nose-band, bit, curb, check, and reins; the saddle, to which the terrets or rings are attached through which the reins pass and to which the check-rein is also attached : the crupper, a strap to secure the saddle in place, passing over the back of the animal and around its tail ; the collar ; the hames, which are fastened to the collar; the hame-link and the hame-strap, to which the traces are fastened ; the pole-strap ; the martingale, a strap to hold the horse's head down, which runs from the belly-band between the front legs to the bit or nose-band ; the belly- band turn-back; the trace-tug, a loop depending from the saddle, which in a single harness sup- ports the shaft and in a double harness the tug; the traces, sometimes also called tugs, which connect the collar with the swingletree ; the hip- strap ; and the breeching, or strap passing around the buttocks of the animal and attached to the shafts or pole, to enable him to back the vehicle or hold it back on a down grade. The earliest known saddles were those which have been found in Egypt, which were not used for riding, but as the part of a draught harness which bears the load. Probably to the ancient Egyptians, as to the ancient Greeks and Romans, equestrian saddles were unknown. The fore- runner of the saddle was the pad or saddle-cloth, which was secured to the horse's back by one, two, or three girths. These seats, however elaborately padded", differed from the true saddle in having no tree. Saddles with trees did not come into use among the Komans till about the fourth century a.u. Htirrups did not come into use till three centuries later. Previously the rider mounted from a horseblock, or with the aid of his spear, and the Roman cavalry were subject to various ills caused by having their legs hanging for hours from the horse's back. Side saddles were introduced as early as the twelfth century. They were developed from the pillion or pad on which a lady rode sidewise beliind her husband and stcadied'hersclf hy hold- ing on to his belt. The present type of side saddle seems to have come into vogue about 1650, but the third ponmiel or leaping horn, by which a firm grip is secured, did not appear till 1 830. The saddles of ditTerent periods and among various nations dill'er much in their form and construction. The parts of a saddle are: the tree or foundation, consisting of the pommel or horn-like projection at the front of the saddle, the cantle or hind-bow, and the siik- l)ars; the padding, which is .sometimes, as in the AlcClellan saddle, entirely omitted ; the skirts, seat, and girth ; the stirrups, which are attached to the side bars: the crup|)er, which is attached to the cantle. The tree is usually of wood, although in the French cavalry saddle it is of iron. It is fastened together with tenons and mortises and secured by a covering of canvas or rawhide, which is tacked on wet and then aUmved to shrink. The outer covering is usually of pigskin. Besides the saddle for horses, there are specially constructed saddles for other draught animals, as oxen, camels, and elephants. The pact.- saddle is shaped to hold securely the largest possible load. To increase its capacity panniers are sometimes added.  SAD'DLEWOBTH. A woolen manufacturing town in the West Riding of Yorksliire, England, 11 miles southwest of Huddersfiehl. Population, in 1891, 13,475; in 1901, 12,300.  SADDUCEES (Gk., Saddoukaioi, from Heb. Ṣaddūkîm). The conservative and aristocratic party in the late Jewish commonwealth. The name is now generally derived from Zadok, high priest in Solomon's reign, from wliom the later high-priestly line was derived, and whose descendants, 'the sons of Zadok,' according to Ezekiel's programme, were the only legitimate priests. (See ; .) Although this narrow restriction to the line of Zadok was not finally maintained, this family was the great majority in the later priesthood and formed its aristocratic and controlling element. This etymology agrees with the actual character of the Sadducees, who were the party of the priestly aristocracy as over against the democratic (q.v.). The sharp distinction between the two was not made till the time of the Asmonean house in the second century, but its origins go back to the fifth centtiry, when, as we see in the book of Ezra-Nehemiah, a division began to arise between the priests who were the ministers of the cultus and hence a privileged and conservative class, and the (q.v.), who, although loyal to the cult and its ministers, were nevertheless interested in making the law the rule of life for the whole people. The Maccabean or