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* RUTHERFORD. 391 more important publications consist of The .Yeio Flirynivhiis, with introduction and commentary (1S81J, and Fuhles uf Hubrius (1S83). He also pulilislied several other works relating to the classics, amonj; them a First Oivik Grammar, which has gone through several editions. RUTHERFURD, Lkwis Moukis (1816-n2). An Auiericau ast runoiuer, horn in jMorrisania, N. Y. lie graduated at Williams ColU;ge in 1834, and l)eeame a lawyer. Hut even during his active legal career, which he gave u]) in 1849, he devoted liis spare time to astronomy and built in New York an oljservatory, which was the primary station for longitude determination. Two years after the construction of the observa- tory, in 1858, he first attacked the problem of astronomical photography, his work being inde- pendent if not earlier than that of De La Rue. Interrupting his research in this direction, about 18G2 he began his studies in spectroscopy, fol- lowing the suggestions of Fraunhofer; distin- guislied the star spec^tra by a classification prac- tically identical with iSecchi's, and if not prior to Donati, gaining results far more minute and accurate. He constructed a large spectroscope late in 18G3, and about the same time realized the advantage over bisulpliide prisms of <lilVraction gratings. For several years he studied Nobert's gratings and finally greatly improved on them. His telescope especially constructed for photog- raphy was finished in 18G4; a photographic cor- rector was made in lS(i8. and in 187G he devised a glass circle for the measurement of angles. As early as 18G.5 Rutlierfurd had suggested a photographic chart of the lie.avens. His health began to fail about 1877, and in 1883 he gave up active work and presented to Columbia College his telescope, micrometer, and many of his val- uable jiliotograplis, which were published by Rees in 1891. He was one of the original members of the National Academy of Sciences. RUTHERGLEN, rfiTii'er-glen or (locally) riig'kn. A royal. Parliamentary, and municipal burgh in Lanarksliire, Scotland, on the Clyde, three miles southeast of Glasgow (Map: Scot- land, D 4) . It was an important town in the twelfth century. It has extensive iron and steel works, and neighboring coal mines. It contains an old church of the twelfth century, and a fine town hall. Population, in 1901, 18,280. RUTHVEN RAID. See Goweie Conspiracy. RUTILE (Fr. rtitile, from Lat. rutilus, red- dish, yellowish-red). A mineral, titanirun dioxide, that crystallizes in the tetragonal system, and is of a reddish-brown color. It is found in older rocks, in varioiis localities in Norway, in Swe- den, in the I'rals, and in Switzerland : also in the United States in Xew England, New York, Pennsylvania. Georgia. North Carolina, New Jer- sey, and Arkansas. The variety from Graves Jlountain. Ga., has furnished a number of speci- mens that have been cut into gems. Yhen found ■IS fine needle-like crystals in limpid quartz they are called sagcnite, Venus's hair stone, or fidches (Vtimoiir. RTJTIL'IUS NAMA'TIA'NUS, Claudius. A Latin poet of the beginning of the fifth cen- tury. He was a Gaul i)y birth, but a patriotic Roman in sentiment, and under Ilonorius was prefect of Rome. His poem Dr Reditv sno (410), in very good elegiacs, describes his trip from RUTLAND. Rome to Gavil. . part of the first and most of the secoml books are lost. It was edited by ilUller (1870) an«l by llilhrens (in I'ovlw Lulini Minorvs, vol. v., 1883). An excellent sketch of its contents is in "L'rb.s Aniniip," At- lantic Monlhhj (vol. l.ii., 1888, i)p. 742-752). RUTIMEYER, ru'lf-ml'er. LuDWlo (1825- 95). A Swiss paleontologist, born at Higlen, in the Emmenthal. He studied theology and medi- cine at Bern, and natural history in Paris, Lon- don, and Leyden: becanu- professor of zoiilogy and comjiarative anatomy at Ha.sel in I8,5.'>, and made important studies on the early fauna of .Switzer- land and on craniology. His many and valuable works include: licitriige ztir Ke'uiilnis lUr fos- silrn I'fcrdv (1803); Crania Uelrelica (with His, 1804) ; Ucber die [IcrUunft unscrer Ticrwcit (1807) ; Ueber Thai- und Seebildung (18C»; 2d ed. 1874) ; Die ^'criindcrun(|en dcr Tiericclt in der ^chicciz seit Atiwesenheit des Menschen ( 1875) ; Die Kinder der Tertiiirepochc ( 1878-79) ; lieifiiige zu einer nntiirlichen Oeschirhte der Hirsehc (1881-83) ; and Vic eociinc tSaugeticncelt von Ktjcrkingen (1891). RUT'LAND. The smallest county in ICng- land, bounded on the northeast by Lincoln, on the southeast by Northampton, and on the west by Leicester (Map: England, F 4). Area, 152 square miles: population, in 1891, 20.0.^9; in 1901, 19,700. The Wash divides it into two portions, of which the northern is a somewhat elevated tableland, while the southern consists of a numbrt- of valleys ruuiing east and west, and separated by low hills. The principal stream is the Welland, forming the boundarv on the southeast. The chief mineral production is fine building .stone. The climate is mild and health- ful, the soil loamv and rich. Oxen and sheep are raised in great nmnbers. The capital is Oakham. RUTLAND. A town, including several vil- lages, in Worcester County, JIass., 12 miles north- west of the cit.v of ^^■orcestcr: on the Boston and Maine Railroad (Jlaj): Massachusetts, D 3). It has the Slate Hospital for ('onsumi>tive and Tubercular Patients, and a public librarv. Popu- lation, in 1890, 980; in 1900, 1.334. Rutland was settled about 171G, and was incorporated as a town in 1722. In 1777-78 part of Burgoyne's troo]>s, who had surrendered at Saratoga, were quartered here. Rutland was the home from 1781 to 1787 of Rufus Putnam (q.v.), on ac- count of whose influence, as a mendier of the Ohio Companv, in founding the .settlement of .Mari- etta, Ohio, the town has been called the 'Cradle of Ohio.' Consult: lluni (ed.>, //I's/ori/ uf Worcester Coiinli/, Mass. (Philadelphia, 1889); and a chapter in Powell (ed.). Historic 1'uuiis of Xew England (New Y"ork, 1898). RUTLAND. The count.v-scat of Rutland Comity, Yt., 07 miles south by east of Burling- ton; on Otter Creek, and on the Delaware and Hudson, the Rutland, and the Burlington and Rutland railroads (Map: Vermont, C 7). .Some of the loftiest, most picturesque peaks in the Green Mountains are near. Noteworthy features of Rutland include Jfemorial Hall, the Public anil the H. H, Baxter libraries. House of Correc- tion, United States Govenunent bviilding, and the court-house. The city is primarily important for its extensive ninrblequarrying industry-, the marble deposits here being among the most pro-