Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/430

* RtTTH. 390 BUTHERFORD. be tlie unqualified evil which the 'legalists' of Ezra's (ln,v represented them to be. The declara- tion of Ruth that Naomi's (.iod shall be her God, and Naomi's peojUe her people (i. Iti), is under- stood by some as a bold protest against the exclu- sive conception of Vahweh as the God particu- larly of a single people, and is thought to reflect the theory of universal monotheism of the post- exilic prophets; while others find in it a reflec- tion of that willingness to accept proselytes from other nations which characterizes the fully devel- oped monotheistic faith. On either view the book is certainly post-exilic and may be considerably later than the time of Ezra. Accoriliiif; to another view, the book was written earlier than B.C. 500, and the purpose of the writer may have been to supply infoi'ma- tion concerning the ancestry of David, omitted in the books of Samuel, or to urge the duty of the next of kin to marry a childless widow. Consult the commentaries of Wright (London, 1804), Keil (with Judges, 2d ed., Leipzig, 1874), Berteau (with Judges, 2d ed., ib., 1883), Oettli [Die geschicM lichen Hagiof/raphen, Munich, 1880), Wildeboer (Freiburg, 1808), and Nowack (Giittingen, 1000) ; also the Old Testament in- troductions of Keuss, Driver, Konig, Bleek-Well- hausen, and Cornill, and the works on the canon by Wildeboer (Groningen, 1889: Eng. trans., London, 1895). Buhl (Leipzig, 1891: Eng. trans., Edinburgh, 1802), and Ryle (London, 1892). EUTHE'NIANS, or RTJSS'NIAKS. A Slavic people of the eastern group, forming a branch of the Little Russians. They live chiefly in Galicia. The height of the Euthenian plainsmen of Galicia is 1.040 meters; their cephalic index, 83.4; the height of the Ruthenian highlanders is from l.GfiO to l.(i70 meters; their cephalic index, 83.0. Chestnut hair and brown eyes characterize about half of the population; the remainder have dark skin and hair. The terra Ruthenian is also applied to the Little Russians of tlie Ukraine as well as to those of Galicia and the Carpathians. This group, less afl'ected by Mongol invasions and influences, is thought to represent the purest type of the Slav. In the ethnic movements that mark the history of Russia the Ruthenians sank beneath the overwhelming current of the more powerful Slav groups. From the time of the Slav disper- sion between the second and sixth centuries to their conquest, partly by Casiniir the Great of Poland and partly by the Lithuanians, the Ruthe- nians were a free people. Many of the old cus- toms are preserved, together with much folk- lore. The Ruthenians in Galicia number about 3. .500,000, and there are over 400,000 in Hungary and 300,000 in Bukowina. In Galicia a bitter political warfare has been going on between the Ruthenians and the Poles, the latter being enabled by their superior intelligence, wealth, and posi- tion to maintain the upper hand. Consult Bon- mariage, La Russie d'Eiirope (Brussels, 1903). RUTHENIUM (Neo-Lat., from Ruthenin, a name of Russia ). A metallic chemical element discovered by Claus in 1845. Osann, in 1828, announced his discovery of three new metals in the platinum ores from the Urals, giving the name ruthenium to one of these metals. The aiinouncement of this discovery he subsequently withdrew, and the existence of the new metnl was not accepted until the subject was again studied by Claus, wdio proved its existence, re- taining the old name. It occurs in its metallic state in ]datinum ores and in osmiridium, also as the sulpliide in the mineral laurite. The metal is separated from iridosmium as the oxide by a complicated chemical process, and is then reduced in a graphite crucible and fused by the o.xyhydrugen llame. Ruthenium (symbol, Ru ; atomic weight, 101.08) is a white, lustrous, hard, heavy, brittle metal that melts at upward of 2500° C. (4530° F. ). It combines with o.xygen, forming a monoxide, a sesquioxide, a dioxide, a trioxide, a lieptoxide, and a tetroxide, of which the trioxide anil the heptoxide are known only in combination. These oxides form various salts, none of which is of any commercial importance. RUTHERFORD, ruTH'er-ford. A borough in Bergen County, N. J., nine miles north by west of Jersey City; between the Passaic and Hackensaek rivers, and on the Erie Railroad (Map: New Jerse}', D 2). Many New Yorkers have their residences here. In the adjoining borough of East Rutherford are extensive cotton and linen bleaching establisliments, steam boiler works, a manufactory of glass mirrors, etc. Each borough maintains a public librar}-. The popu- lation of Rutherford in 1900 was 4411, and of East Rutherford 2040. RUTHERFORD, S.miel (1600-GI). A Scot- tish divine. He was born in the parish of Nisbet, now part of Crailing, Roxburghshire, graduated from Edinburgh University in 1621, and became "regent of humanity' in 1023, but resigned this place in 102G and turned to the study of tlieology, which he pursued for a year, and became pastor of Anwoth. When his Exercitationcs Apolo- geticce pro Dhina Gratia appeared in 163(3, he was brought before the High Commission in Edin- burgh, charged with non-conformity to the Acts of the Episcopacy and with attack upon Armin- ian tenets, with the result that he was forbidden to preach and banished to Aberdeen during the King's pleasure. His exile ended with the cove- nanting revolution eighteen months later. In 1838 he was appointed professor of divinity at Saint Mary's College, Saint Andrews, and in addition became a colleague to Robert Blair in one of the city churches. He was appointed rector of his university in 1651. From 1050 to the end of his life he was engaged in controversy more or less bitter with any who did not take the rigid view of 'covenanting,' and participated in the protesta- tion to the Assembly at Saint Andrews in 1651 against the lawfulness of the treaty made in 1650 between the Covenanters and Charles II. After the Restoration he lost his official positions, and illness and death intervened to save him from appearing before Parliament on a charge of treason. Little of his work has been preserved except his Letters, edited by Bonar, and his .Sermons (reprinted 1876-85). Consult his Life, by Bonar, in the Letters (Edinburgh, 1894). RUTHERFORD, Willi.^m Gunion (1853 — ). A distinguished English scholar, born in Peeblesshire and educated at Saint Andrews University and Balliol College, Oxford. He was appointed assistant master at Saint Paul's School, which office he continued to hold until 1883, when he succeeded Dr. Charles Brodrick Scott as headmaster of Westminster School. His