Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/415

* RUSSIA. 8 POLAND GOVERNMENTS Area, aq, miles Popula- tion (1897) Capital Kalish 4,392 3,897 4,667 6.503 4.735 3.674 4.470 6,535 4,852 5,625 846,719 763.746 685.7S1 1.159.463 1.406.951 556,877 820,363 797,726 738,362 1,933.689 Kaliah Kiek-e Klelce l.ubliii PiDtrkow Plock l.ubliu Piotrkov Ploek Siedlee Siivalk.v Warsaw Suvalky Warsaw Total Poland 48,360 9,609,676 GR.X1> nrcHV OF FINLAND GOVE1ES.MENTS Area, sq, milea Popula- tion (1897) Capital Abo-Bjorneborg..., Kuopio 9.336 16.499 4.584 8.819 8.334 63,957 16,100 13,525 3,094 419,300 313,539 276,335 186,478 285,281 268.226 446,772 394,412 Vasa VihorK stad Vlborg Total Finland 144.248 2.590,343 Total European Riis.^ia (proper) In- elu.liiiji- Poland and Finland 2,102,966 106,826,210 CAHCASCS GOVERNMENTS AND PROVINCES Area, sq. miles Popula- tion(1897) Capital Baku 15,095 2,8.36 11,332 10,075 7,188 33,650 14,100 23,430 28,150 17,200 16,721 789,659 54,228 586,636 804,757 292,498 1,922,773 1.075,861 912,639 933.485 1,040.943 871,557 Baku lilai-k Sea lia^liestan.,. Temir-Khan Shura Krivan Erivau Stavropol Terek Tifli.'i Vladikavkaz Tiflis Total Caucasus 179,777 9,285,036 SIBERIA C0VERNMENT9 AND PROVINCES Area, aq, miles. Popula- tion(1897) Capital Amur 172,848 287,061 714,853 ■29,336 639,659 331,159 236,8158 1,533.397 987.186 118,570 506,500 223,336 28,113 1,438,484 1,929,092 664,071 261,731 559,902 .,.Blagovestchen8k Irkutsk Tciljolsk Tobolsk Tomsk Transbaikalia Chita Yakutsk Yakutak Total Siberia., 4,832,367 6,729,799 CENTRAL ASIA GOVERNMENTS AND PROVINCES Area, sq. miles Population (1897) Capital 229,609 35,654 26,627 184,631 152,280 194,863 176,219 214,237 125.100 1(>9.381 26.166 678,957 1,, 560,400 857,847 685,197 990,107 1,479,848 463,123 372,193 644,001 Ferghana tsemipalatinsk Seniiryetchensk ....Semipalatinsk Vvern.vi Transeaspian Ural.sk Total Central Asia 1.534,767 7,721,673 Total Russia in Asia, including all Caucasus 6,546,901 22,736.508 Grand Total Kus- siau Empire 8,649,867 129,562,718 75 RUSSIA. The average increase of tlic population of the empire (e.vclusive of h'inlanil) lliri)iif;li cxce.ss of births over deaths in the live ,vears 1S!I.'> !I9 was 1,'J(8,807 a year. In recent years there has heen a large emigration to the I'niteil States, niarle up in great part of Jews, In the 28 years ending in VMM this emigration reached a total of 8;t!»,;tti4. The empire has only seven cities of over 2(10,1)00 inhaliitants, viz,: Saint Petershnrg, with an es- timated population at the heginning of 1!)02 of 1.4S!),570: aioscow, 1.147.24.i: Warsaw, ti41.!i:tO; Odessa, 414,218; Lodz. 3111,145; Uiga, 2tiO,7l7; and Kiev, 255, 0'J!). KuicATiox, Kussia is much behind most of the nations of Western Europe in education. The efforts of Peter the Great and liis successors were entirely concerned with the upper cla.sses and higher education. The continuous e.vertions of the Government arc the source of the relincil cul- ture of tlip up])er classes, of the numerous scien- tific institutions, the multiplication and improve- ment of universities and middle schools, and the better training of tlic clergy. But. in consequence of the existciue of serfdom, no account was taken of the masses of the people till Alexander II. aimed at universal ))opular education, Since that time great progress has been made, but, owing to the sparsity of the population and the differing levels of civilization throughout the empire, it will be long before a high average of education is attained. Not half of the children of school age actually attend school. Alost of the schools of the emiiire are under the Ministry of Public Instruction and the entire em])ire is divided into 1.5 educational districts. Many normal, teclmical, and otiicr special schools are supported by one or another department of the Government or the Holy Synod or are conducted as private institutions. The university students numbered 17,290 in 1!102. Eeligiox. The orthodox Greek faith is the established religion of the empire, and accord- ing to otlicial estimates its adherents are about 70 per cent, of the entire population. The adher- ents of the various faiths number approximately (in03) : Orthodox Greek (including dissidents) 100,000,000 Catholics 32,lKK),OflO Protestants «,cilKl.liOO Other Christians l.iKni.ouo Mohammedans 14.nim.0fl0 Jews 6.000,000 To this must be added some millions of Bud- dhists and pagans. The Jews are placed under grievous restrictions, and various sects of dissent- ers from the established faith and the followers of certain new creeds, some of them extremely fa- natical, have been subjected to severe restraints and even to persecution. Roman Catholics are most numerous in Poland, Lutherans in the Ualtie Provinces, Mohammedans in the eastern and southern part of the empiie, and the Jews in the towns and cities of the western and southwestern provinces. The Greek elnirches in the cmjiire numbered fifi,14(i in 1898 (including 718 cathe- drals). The empire is divided into (>4 l)lsho]UMCS, ■which are imder 3 metro|)olitans. 14 archbishops, and 48 bishops. The monasteries nundier 785 (including 289 nunneries), with about 8000 monks and 9000 nuns. The clergy exercise very great influence over the mass of the people. See Greek Ciicrcu.