Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/414

* KTJSSIA. 374 BUSSIA. Tioc is three years and is obligatory unless the appointee is 60 years of age or 1ms serious infirm- ities. Another cantonal institution is a court consisting; of from 4 to 12 judges elected by the cantonal assembly. It has jurisdiction of misde- meanors and disputes among the peasants con- cerning piopcrty where not more than 300 ru- bles in value are involved. The capital of the Russian Empire is Saint Petersburg. Finance. The revenue and expenditure of the State are classed under the heads of ordinary and extraordinary revertue and expenditure. The rev- enue and expenditure for the years 1000 and 1001 were as follows, in rubles : Ordiiiar.v Expendi- ture 1900... 1.701,128,506 1901...: 1,799,457.155 1,555,427.622 1.664.887,251 Extraordinary Revenne ^xpendi- 32.568.983 163.915.915 333,788,515 209,369,808 The ordinary revenues are in classifications. The receipts under each heading in 1900 are here given : (1) Direct taxes. 130,800,050 rubles (from taxes on land, forests, and capital, and sale of trade licenses). (2) Indirect taxes, 086,630,944 (from customs duties and imposts on spirits, to- bacco, sugar, matches, and naphtha). (3) Duties, 94,621,460 (from stamp duties, passports, rail- road taxes, etc). (4) State monoijolies, 223,394,- 391 (mining, mint, posts, telegraphs and tele- phones, and sale of spirits). (5) State domains, 493,764.570 (rentals from crown lands, forests, and mines, net earnings of State railroads, inter- cut on crown capital, etc.). (6) Sales of domains, 741,208. (7) Redemption of land, 89.970.491 (payments made on land purchased by liberated serfs and crown peasants). (8) Jliscellaneous, 71,905.642 (payments on railroad and crown debts, aid from municipalities, military contribu- tion, etc. ). (9) Various, 7,538,393. The extraor- dinary revenue was derived from interest on the perpetual deposits in the Bank of Eussia, interest on State loans, and various other sources, making a total of 163,915,915, or a grand total of 1,963,- 373,070 rubles. The balance of ordinary revenue from previous years was 35.350.365 rubles and from extraordinary revenue, 184,373,631 rubles, bringing the total up to 2,019,181,151 rubles, showing a surplus of 144,924,092 rubles over the total expenditures for the year. The expenditures ordinary and extraordinary in 1901 were as follows: A. Ordinary: State debt, 276,550.025 rubles; higher institutions of State, 3,305,445; Holy Synod. 24,070,702. Ministries: Imperial House, 12.924,491; foreign affairs. 5,374.877 : war, 334,- 606,000; navy, 93.046,114; finances. 308,490,220; agriculture and State domains, 41.137.269: inte- rior, 87,832.526; public instruction. 33.441,370; ways of communication, 388.551,405; justice, 40.058.216: State's comptrol, 7.112,677; State's .studs, 1.585,899; various, 800.000, Total ordi- nary, 1,004,887,251. B, Extraordinary: Building of new raihyays, 37,369,079 rubles; payment of consolidated rail- way bonds. 82.000,000: China war. 43.075.441; various, 46,324,388. Total extraordinarv expendi- ture, 209.369.808. Grand total, 1.874,257.059. The national debt on .January 1. 1902. amounted to £684.504.001; net interest, £30,288,917. Weights, ^Measures, and Money. The unit of coinage is the silver ruble of 100 kopecks, of tlie average value of 51 cents. The imjicrial and half imperial are gold coins of 15 and 7.5 rubles. Hold pieces of 10 and 5 rubles are now coined. Legal-tender credit notes ( 100, 25, 10, 5, and 3 rubles and 1 ruble) are also issued. The unit of measurement is the arshin (28 inches). The verst equals 3500 feet, or two-thirds of a statute mile. The unit of weight is the pound (funt), equaling 9-lOths of a pound avoirdupois. The pood is equivalent to 40 Russian or 36 American pounds. The meter, kilogram, and their sub- divisions may legally be used. Army and Navy. See Armies; Navies. Population. The population of the Russian Empire according to the census of 1897 was 129,- 562,718. The growth of population has been re- markably rapid, the large natural increase going hand in hand with the enormous widening of the bounds of the empire. The population in 1722 was about 14,000.000; in 1815, 45,000.000; in 1851, 68.000.000; and in 1903 it was estimated at 141.000.000. The following is a table of the Russian gov- ernments, provinces, and territories, with their areas, populations, and capitals (in some eases only estimates being obtainable) : EUROPEAN RUSSIA (PROPER) GOVERNMENTS Area. sq. miles Popula- tion (1897) Capital Archangel or 326.500 91,337 17.619 10,535 63.532 24.478 7.818 14,931 11,942 24,601 21,041 27,523 19.691 32,490 15.524 17.937 18.158 35.293 18,622 12,875 19,797 47,236 57,439 18,060 73,816 14,997 128,211 16,210 19.265 17.070 16,261 20,760 68,321 32,624 19,110 21,638 25,720 24,497 20,233 11,954 25,225 47.130 16.420 17.440 18.864 27.743 168.9(X) 25.460 69.329 13.7.51 14.520 347,589 994,775 1,933,436 672,634 2,575.818 2,112.651 413.724 1,617.859 1,185.726 2,204,027 2,509.811 2.732,832 3..576.125 1.429,228 1,549,444 2,603.205 1,300.640 2.156.123 1.708.041 2.433.356 1.600.304 1.392.933 366.175 2.054.749 1.609.388 1.491.215 3.003.208 3.031.513 2.794.727 l.i:i6..540 1.827.085 2.107.691 2.763.478 2.419,8^4 1.549.461 1.551,068 2,907,519 1,443,566 2,322,007 1,432.743 1.812.825 2.220.497 1,. 591.912 1.. 502. 916 1.570.733 2.997.902 1.365.587 2.546.255 3.082.788 1,072,478 ,rcli angel Kishinev Mitau Don Cossacks, Novotov Ekat^rinoslav Ekaterinoslav Beval Grodno Kaluga Kazan Kherson Kiev Kiev Kursk Riga Minsk Minsk Moscow Nizhni-Novgorod .. ...Nizhni-Nnvgorod ...Novgorod Orel Orel Perm Podolia Kameuetz-Podolsk Poltava Pskov Pskov Saint Petersburg... ...Saint PetersburK Saratov Simbirsk Saratov Simbirsk Smolensk Taurida TfliernigoT Tula Simferopol Tchernigov Tula rfa ffa Vilna Vitebsk Voliivnia Zhitomir Yarosiav Total of European Russia (Proper).. 1,910,368 94,626,191