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* RTJSKIN. 361 RUSSELL. of 'WiU nUrc (ISdC; coniplote, 1873): Icoturos on work, trallii-. ;iiiin(i (1875- 80), studies of wayside llowcrs; Deucalion (1875- 83), on rocks; .S7. Miirk'H Jtext (1877-84), a manual on Venetian art; The liible of Amiens (1880-85), intended as the first volume of a his- tory of Christendom for bovs and girls; The Art of'EntjUind (1883); Prceierita (1885-89), a re- view of his life; a volume of collected poems in 1891; and a large body of other essays. It was his usual custom to publish in parts or to make up his volumes from contributions to the maga- zines. A famous reprint is On the Old I'oad (1885), For many years Ruskin lectured liefore large audiences in London, Oxford, Cambriiige, Edinburgh, and other places. From 1870 to 187!) he was Slade professor of art at Oxford; in 18*^3 he was reelected to the chair, but resigned the next year, owing to ill health. With his fortune, Euskin reclaimed from squalor several London tenement houses, left him by his father; cleaned the streets between the British ^luseum and Saint Giles's ; opened a tea shop to show that retail trade might be pursued honestly; gave an en- dowment for a master of drawing at Oxford; founded (1876) Saint C4eorge's Guild, a land- owning society, with a museum for workmen, at Walkley, near Sheffield (transferred to SheflReld itself, 1800). In these and numerous other chari- ties his fortune dwindled away until his only in- come was from the sale of his books. This, how- ever, was large, amounting, from 1890 to 1900, to about £4000 a year. He long made his home at Denmark Hill, near London. In 1871 he bought Brantwood, a small estate by Coniston Lake, where he passed his last years, and died January 20, 1900. As an art critic Euskin was not generally ac- cepted by artists. In this field his service was rather to awaken in his generation a sense for the beautiful. Of strong ethical temperament, he always insisted that beauty should not be divorced from righteousness. His political economy, tending to socialism, has been attacked by the learned. With all its vagaries, it was a noble plea for the higher things of the mind against utilitarianism. Against railways and factories marring the beauty of English land- scape he took a firm stand, and for his age he discovered the beauties of river, cloud, and moun- tain. In the development of English prose he is likely to have a place as the one who moved prose toward verse without passing the boundary line. Of this new prose no better example could be cited than the "Introduction" to the Cron-n of AVild Olive, with its assonances and grand rhythms. BiBLiOGR.WHV. Collingwood (secretary to Euskin, 1881-1900). Life and TVor/,- of John Ruskin (London, 1893); Life (ib., 1900); and Art Teaching (ib., 1891): lleynell. John Rusl-in (ib., 1900) : Spielmann, fih-elch of Life and Work (ib. and Philadeliihia. 1900) : E. de la Sizeranne, liuskin and the Religion of Beauty, trans, from the French bv the Countess of Gal- loway (London, 1899; New York, 1000); Mather, Life and Tvachinij (5th ed., London and Boston. 1900) ; Cook. Slutliis in h'uskin (2d ed., London, 1891); White. I'rinciides of Art. illui'- trated by the Euskin .Museum at Shelliehl (ib.. 1895); W, M. Eosselli. Ru.skin ; Roswili; Prc-Raphaclilisni (ib., 1889); Frederic lliirri- son. Tenni/son, Ruskin, Mill, and other Litrrari/ Lstimales (ib., 1900); Hobson, Ruskin. Social Reformer (ib., 1898); and the nionogruphs hv Harrison (New York, 1902) and CoJliMgwooil (ib., 1902). RtrSS, .Toiix Denniso.x (1801-81), An Ameri- can philanthropist, born at Chel)aeeo (now En- sex), Essex County, Mass, He graduated at Y'ale in 1823, studied medicine in .Vnierica and abroad, and in 182(1 began to practice in New York City. In 1827 he took part in the move- ment in aid of the Greek revolulionisLs. went to Greece in charge of the brig Statesman, convoy- ing supplies, and established at I'aros a hospital which he directed during part of the folhiwinfj year. Sub.sequently he established a larger hos- pital at Aexamelia. on the Isthnms of Corinth. In 1830, after making himself so useful to the Creek cause that a price of twenty thousand piastres was placed upon his head bv Turkish authority, he returned to the United [states. In 1832 he began the first systenuttic instruction of the blind undertaken in the I'nited States, anil in that year the New York Institution for the Blind, of which he had been a founder in 1831. began its work largely through his etforts. He invented for the use of the blind a phonetic alpha- bet, consisting of forty-iine eharaeti^rs with twenty-three prefi.es and sulli.xes, and afterwanU nnich improved: a series of mathematical char- acters, numbering four, instead of the previously existing ten; and maps in raised design. The alphabetic and mathematical characters were not widely used and were soon superseded, but the maps found very extensive application. In 184.1 he assisted in the organization of the New York Prison Association, lie drafted in 1851 the act of incorporation of the New York .Juvenile Asy- lum, of which he was superintendont in 1851-58. BUSS, ri.is, Egbert (1847—). An .ustrian landscape painter, born in Vienna. He sttidied at the academy (here, more especially under Al- bert Zinuncrman, adopting, however, in deviation from his master's tendency, a realistic treatment of his subjects. His principal paintings, exe- cuted with remarkable technical skill, include "Court of Fiirstenhurg, Near Burgeis" ( Vienna. JMuseum), "After the Clotidbnrst" (1883, Ru- dolphinum, Prague), "Thunderstorm in the Alps" (1889). and "Harbor at Riva" (I89G). RTJS'SELL, HorsE of. A famous English family said to derive its descent from Olaf. the sharp-eyed King of Eerik, in the sixth century, one of whose descendants. Turstain, a Scandi- navian jarl, settled in Normandy, on its conquest by the Northmen, and became possessed of the barony of Briquebec. and the castle of Rozel, near Cherbourg. John Ei'.'jSki.i,. first Earl of Be.I- ford (1486-1555). in 1538. was elevated in the peerage by Henry VIII. under the title of Baron Russell of Cheyneys, Buikingham. Hi* son, the second Earl, was a person of eminence in Queen Elizabeth's reign, ami. like his father, a Knight of the Garter, . other notable member of the family was Edward Russell, Earl of Or-