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* RUPEE. 358 RURAL DEAN. about 32 cents, the coin passing in India at 1,5 to tlic pound sterling. The rupee is legally divided into lU annas of 12 pies, but various other divi- sions are still current througliout the country. In addition to the one-rupee pieces, half, quarter, and eiglitli rupees are coined. RU'PERT (or Ruprecht), Saint (?-717). 'The apostle of tlio Bavarians,' a descendant of tlic royal family of Franks. In 694, when he was Bishop of Worms, he was invited by Theo- dor II. to preach in Bavaria, and he baptized Theodor and many other nobles. He settled af- terwards in iSalzberg, where he built an episcopal residence. The Church celebrates botli the day of his death, March 27th, and that of the trans- portation of his relics, September 24th. The old- est biography of Rupert, written in the tenth cen- turj', (Jesta t^ancti Hrodberti Coiifessoris, is still preserved in the University library of Gratz. It was published in the Archiv fur iisterreichiscJie Geschichte (1882, vol. Ixiii). RUPERT, Prince (1010-82). A nephew of Charles I. of Enghind, and his ablest cavalry leader in the Civil War. He was born at Prague, December 17, 1619, the son of the Elector Pala- tine Frederick V., who had been crowned King of Bohemia, and his wife, Elizabeth, the daugh- ter of King .James I. of England. He served in the Thirty Years' War on the Protestant side in the Netherlands and in Westphalia, and in 1638 he was taken prisoner, but secured his release in 1642 in time to take service under Charles I. at Nottingham. He was given command of the cavalry, at that time the most im- portant arm of the royal service, and he fought impetuouslv and suceessfullv at Worces- ter, Edgehill, and" Brentford in 1642. In 1643 he made himself master of Bristol. He took part in the disastrous battles of Marston Jloor (1644) and Naseby (1645). His petulant dis- regard of orders, and his surrender of Bris- tol in September, 1645, so angered the King that he was deprived of his command and requested to leave England without delay. He declined to do so and submitted to a court- martial, which only partially acquitted him. After Charles's cause became hopeless Rupert entered the French service, but in 1648 received the command of the English Royalist fleet. In this new position he acquitted himself with con- siderable credit, and for nearly three years he kept his ships afloat, escaping the blockade in which he had been held off the Irish coast by Blake, the great admiral of Parliament. In January. 1651, however, the latter attacked the Prince's squadron at Malaga and burned or sank most of his ships. With the few vessels still remaining to him, Rupert escaped to the West Indies, where, together with his brother Maurice, he led a buccaneering life. After the loss of his brother at sea, Rupert went again in 1653 to France, and spent his time in that country and in Germany until the Restora- tion in 1660, when he returned to England and served on sea against the Dutch in the wars of that period. He died on November 29, 1682. The last ten years of his life were spent in retirement in the pursuit of chemical and other researches, for which he evinced considerable aptitude. Al- though it is certain that he did not discover the art of engraving in mezzotint — the real inventor of which apiMjars to have been a German, Von Sicgen — Rupert did much to make the art widely known. Consult: Warburton, Memoirs of Prince Rupert und the Cavaliers (London, 1849) ; Gower, Uupert of the Rhine (ib., 1890) ; Scott, Rupert, Prince Palatine (Westminster, 1899). RUPERT'S DROP. See Prince Rupert's Drops. RUPERT'S LAND. A name formerly applied to the Canadian territory lying around Hudson Bay. The region was named in honor of Prince Rujjert (q.v.), the first Governor of the Hudson Bay Company, to wliom it was granted by Ids cousin. Charles II. RUPIA (Neo-Lat., from Gk. 'piiros, rhypos, dirt, filth ). A severe skin disease of chronic type characterized by flat, discrete blebs about an inch in diameter, containing serous, purulent, or bloody fluid, w'hich finally dry into thick scabs. The scabs separate and fall off, and new crops appear. The disease usually attacks the loins, buttocks, and extremities. It is not contagious. It usually appears in the aged, feeble, or depleted, and often occurs as a sequel of one of the exan- themata. Tonics, iodides, mineral acids, and quinine are efficacious, together with nitrate of silver applied topically. In spite of all treat- ment the disease is of long duration. RUPP, rip, Julius Augustus Leopold ( 1809- 89). A German theologian and one of the found- ers of the 'free congregations' (q.v.). He was born at KOnigsberg and studied theology there. In 1830 he was appointed to lecture on philoso- phy at the university of his native town, and for several years he was preacher at the Royal Chapel in Kiinigsberg. His liberal spirit in- volved him in trouble with the Consistory, and as a result of these differences Rupp ijecanie leader of the free Church movement, the pro- gramme of which he published in his Der Symbol- zwang und die protestantische Geicissens- und Lehrfreiheit (1843). For a sermon against the Symbohnn Athanasianum, he was deprived of his benefice by the Consistory, and when elected preacher by the German Reformed Cliurch in Kiinigsberg, the royal confirmation was refused. This led him to form at Kiinigsberg in 1846 a 'free congregation,' the leader of which he con- tinued to be till he retired from public life. Rupp wrote, among other works, Gregors, des Bischofs ron Xi/ssa Lehen und lleinungen (1834). RUPPELL, rup'pcl, Eduard (1794-1884). A German naturalist and explorer, born at Frank- fort-on-the-Main. L'nder the auspices of the Senckenberg Museum he explored Northeast Africa in 1822-27, and Abyssinia in 1830-34. His Heise in Abessinien (1838-40) was a valuable contribution to African geography and won a gold medal from the London Geographical Society. RUPTURE. See Hernia. RURAL DEAN (Lat. ruralis, relating to the country, from cks, country). The title of an ecclesiastical officer, such as was known in the early ages of the Church as an archipresbyter, whose duty it is to exercise a certain oversight, inider the bishop, within a small sulidivision of a diocese. He obtained his title of Decanus Ruralis about the time of Cliarlemagne. The office was introduced into England about the year 1052, and developed as need arose. Archbishop Ussher in his scheme for a 'moderate episco-