Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/394

* RUNES. .•i56 ETJNIiS. and engraving on metal or stone; partly to the dill'erence in the sounds of the Teutonic lan- guage and the unlearned primitive rendition of distant models. Some of the soimds have re- mained obviously Greco-Italie, as J^ = F, (^ = R, |sj = H, and ^ = S. Others deviate more or less, as /]^ = T, [X| = M, or "js = N. The different systems of runes, about a dozen varieties in all, accord up to a certain point. They may be classed under three main divisions, (iennan, Norse, and Anglo-Saxon. The Norse runes exhibit an esjiecially marked division into two alpliabets, an earlier one of 24 characters, and a later one of IG. These latter correspond to our f, !(, 1h, a, r, k, h, n, i, a, s, d, b, I, m, y, but there is no equivalent for various sounds which existed in the language. In consequence of this tlie sound of k was used for y. d for t, b for p, and u and y for v; o was expressed by (III. and f by ai, i, or ia. Expedients came, in the course of time, to be employed to obviate the RUNIC ALPHABET. I. H. - K. T. TI. VII. vm — E.. X. 31. XE. /. y y 1^ Yfe Y feu Y Y r T /■ r ^ fcoh Yfefech fe Z. 11 i h h ,ir Ar hn n h 1 u h n «> A lir urnz 3. p t> > P //urs.fiorn t> thuris t>MK^) t>D t-t" 1

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_ _ _ St M Stan 3Z. - - - - - - - 9' - '^{)gar - - I. Alphabet of the oldest Norse inscriptions. II. Alphabet of the fibula of Charnay. Til. Alphabet of the later Norse inscriptions. IT. Norman abecedarium. V. Alphabet of the latest Norse inscriptions. VI. Alphabet of the etone of Rok. VII. Alphabet of the rinie: of Forsa. Vltl. Runes of Helsinp. IX. Alphabet of the Thames knife. X. Alphabet of the Anglo-Saxon rune-aonp:. XI. Anglo-Saxon alphabet of the Salzburg manuscript. SIX. Names of the Gothic letters in. the Salzburg manuscript.