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RUMANIAN LANGUAGE. to the folk-tales of the Romance peoples) (ib., 1895). In Saineanw's {storia filologici romine will be found a very good bibliography of folk- lore collections.

 RUMANN, ru’miin, WitnerM von (1850—), A German seulptor, born at Hanover, pupil of the Munich Academy and of Wagmiiller. He received n gold medal in 1892. His principal works in- elude the group of the “Goddess of Victory” at Warth, the Riickert Monument at Schweinfurt, and the statues of William 1]. at Stuttgart and at Heilbronn.

RUMBURG, rum/boork. A town of Bohemia, Austria, 25 miles northwe-t of Reichenberg. on the Saxon frontier. It has extensive manufac- tures of linen, evtton, and woolen goods, Popu- lation. in 1900, 10.388.

RUME’LIA, Eastern (Turk. Rumili, a name originally designating the land of the Greeks). A region under the rule of the Prince of Bulgaria and virtually forming part of the principality. It is bounded by the Balkans on the north and the Black Sea on the east (Map: Balkan Peninsula, E 3). Area, about 13.700 square miles. The central part is oecupied by a wide plain intersected in a southeastern direction by the vallev of the Maritza. the principal river of the province. In the southwest are the Rhodope Mountains. The valleys along the tributaries of the Maritza in the Balkan chain are known for their rose gardens. (ood tecbacco is grown on the northern slopes of the Rhodope. The chief town is Philippopolis. The population of the province in 1900 was 1,001,854. mostly Bul- garians.

The annual sum of $569,843 is paid by Bul- garia to the Porte as tribute for Eastern Ru- melia. For further information, see BULGARIA.

RUMELIN, rv’me-lén, Gustav (1815-89). A German statistician and author, born at Ravens- burg. Wiirttemberg. After studying theology at Tiibingen, he devoted himself to teaching. became rector of a Latin school in 1845. and professor at the gymnasium of Heilbronn in 1849, having in the meanwhile been a delegate to the Frankfort Parliament in 1848. Called to Stuttgart in 1850 to serve in the Board of National Education, he was head of a department in the Ministry of Pub- lic Instruction from 1856 to ISG1, when he became director of the Statistic-Topographical Bureau. In 1867 he established himself as docent at the University of Tiihingen and was appointed its chancellor in 1870. Aside from various statis- tical and miscellaneous publications, he produced Shakespeare-Studien (2d ed. 1874), a much val- ued contribution to the Shakespeare literature.

RUM’FORD, Bexsauix Trosrsox, Count (1753-1814). An American physicist. horn at Woburn, Mass. He entered a merchant's oflice at Salem at the age of thirteen, at the same time studving medicine and physics. In 1772 he mar- ried a rich widow of that place, and was made Major of militia by the English Governor. The distrust of the colonists at this period of the outbreak of the American Revolution drove him to Boston, and when Washington compelled the evacuation of Boston, Thompson was sent to Eng- land as bearer of dispatches. In London he won the favor of the Government and received an appointment in the Colonial Office and was soon afterwards made Under Secretary of State, Con

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tinuing, at the same time, his scientific investi- gations, he was elected, in 1779, Fellow of the Koyal Society. On the resignation of North's Ministry he returned to America, and fought for the reyal cause. At the end of the Revolution- ary War he obtained permission from the Brit ish Government to enter military service in Ba- Varia, and in 1784 he was settled at Munich as aide-de-camp and chamberlain to the relening. sovereign. He rapidly rose to the ranks of major- general, councilor of State, lieutenant general, Minister of War, and was created count of the Holy Roman Empire, when he chose Kumferd (now Concord, N. TE). where his fortunes had be- sum. as his titular desiznation, In 1745 he visited London, where he published the results of his experience and the records of his labers in Ba- varia, Having long and carefully studied the phenomena of heat. he set himself to devise a remedy for the smoky ehimneys which were one of the greatest nuisances at that time in Eng- land, and discovered the principles upon whick fireplaces and chimneys have since heen con- structed. In 1799 he retired from Bavarian ser- vice and returned to London, where, at his in- stance, the Royal Institution was founded in the following vear. He finally settled in Paris; de- voted himself to improvements in artillery and Hlumination; founded a professorship in Har- vard College of the application of seience to the arts of living: married the widow of Lavoisier, and died at Auteuil, near Paris. after making many important bequests to the Reval Society of London, the American Academy of Sciences, and Harvard University. A memoir of Rumford by George E. Ellis was published, with a eomplete edition of his works. in 1872 (Boston). Rum- ford is chiefly remembered for his experiments on the nature of heat. In 1795 he showed that the temperature of a body may be raised without heat beiny communicated to it as such; that the heat contained, for instance, in a metallic body may be increased by boring. On the basis of this fact he maintained, in his Enquiry concern- ing the Source of Heat which is excited bu Frie- tion (read before the Royal Society on January 25, 1798). that heat is not an imponderable sub- stance. as it was generally assumed to be in those days.

RUMINANT (from Lat. ruminarc, to chew the cud, from ramen, throat, gullet; connected with ructarc, Gk. épetyew, creugein, OChureh Slav. ryqati, to belch, Lith. afrages, eructation, AS. roccettan, to belch). One of the group of large grazing animals whieh chew a cud. classi- fied by Cuvier as an order (Ruminantiad, but now regarded as a group of the suborder Artio- dactvla. the cloven-hoofed or even-toed Ungulata (qv). The ruminants inelude all of the cloven- hoofed herbivores except the swine and hippopot- amus, that is the chevrotains. camels, deer, gi- raifes. eaitle. antelopes, sheep, goats, musk-ox, and some extinct families. All these are alike in that their dentition and digestive organs are adapted to that peculiar method of mastication ealled ‘chewing the cud.” Except the camels, they have no incisors in the upper jaw, the front of which is oceupied by a callons pad. The grase is collected and rolled together by means of the long tongue; it is firmly held between the lower cutting teeth and the pad, and then torn and cut off. In the lower jaw there generally appear to