Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/390

* (1805-87) and A. T. Lauiianu (1810-80), and the historian A. Papiu Ihuianu (1828-77). In Wallachia Nicolai Biilcesou (1819-52), a revolu- tionary of 1848, wrote tlie History of the I'u- iitmiia'ns Under Micluiil the Brace. Dimitrie Bo- linliueanu (1827-72) was most successful in his national ballads, the subjects of which he bor- rowed from the old chronicles. Grigorie Alecs- andrescu (1812-85), distinguished himself by his ])atriotic odes and his satires, and won great pop- ularity through his fables. In Moldavia Con- stantin Xegruzzi (1807-08) translated into verse Pushkin and Victor Hugo, and excelled in i)rosc. Mihail Cogalniceanu (1817-91), the greatest ora- tor of tlie period, published the Moldavian chron- icles. The great names of the modern literature are those of -Meesandri and Hasdeu. Vasile Alecs- andrl (1821-1890). noted as a lyric and dramatic poet especially, succeeded in combining in him- self Western culture with national insniration. He published, in Rumanian and Trench, poini- lar songs collected bv himself from the mouths of the peasants. In 1866. with yegriizzi, he founded the Conrorbir'i literare (Literary Talks), the most important litevnrv review. In 1878, at the floral games in Montpellier, his Cinteeul ftin- iel Lniine (Song of the Latin Race) carried off the prize set for the best poem on the Latin raco. B. P. Hasdeu HSSO — 1 is n man of enoyclopsedic erudition. His best literarv work is Rnsvan Voda (Prince R.'isvan) (1867), an historic drama. But his great importance lies in the domain of history and philology'. He wrote various works on Rumanian history, and published the vast collection of documents entitled Historical Ar- cliive of Rumania. Among his philological pub- lications may be mentioned his Ciivenie din hatranl (1878) (Words from Our Ancestors), and his Etymologicum Magnum Bomanice, a dic- tionary of vast compass and still in its initial stage. V. A. Ureche (1834) published a History of the Rumanians (8 vols., 1895), and founded, in 1866, the Academy, which issued the monumental Hurmazache collection of historical documents (15 vols., 1880-95). G. Tocilescu (1846—) wrote a history, of Dacia before Trajan, and A. D. Xenopol (1843 — ) published a very good His- tory of the Kumanians which has been translated into French. Of the great number of writers of fiction and poetry may be mentioned: N. Ganea (1835—), SlavicI ("l848— ), Jacob Ivegruzzi (1842—), the peasant J. Creangil (1837—), an excellent narrator, P. Ispirescu (1830-87), a col- lector of folk-tales, A. Odobescu (1834-), an historical novelist, and the women A. Veronica Miclea (1850—) and Matilda Poni (185.3—). Next to Alecsandri stands Mihail Eminescu (1849-1889), a lyric poet of genuine inspira- tion, though strongly pessimistic. Among his poetic followers are Alecsandru Vlahuta (1859—), De la Vrancea (Barbu ^tefanescu) ( 1858—) . Ghorghe din Moldova ( Chembach ) . Ar- tur Stavri (1809—), O. Carp (Gh. Proca). Har- alamb G. Lecca. A place apart is occupied by George Co?buc (born 1866 in a small town in Transylvania) ; his lyrics are hopeful and strong. The drama is ably represented bv J. L. Caragiale (1852 — ), who depicts with much skill and wit and humor the political and social man- ners of the middle classes of his time. Cara- KUMANIAN LANGUAGE. giale. Vlaliuta, and Cosbuc are the most reputed poets of the day. The last two decades of the nineteenth century were marked by the small group of writers that gathered about the Content [loranul, a review founded (1881) by the Socialist loan Nadejde 1850 — ). who has the culture of the Occident, literary and philologic, historic and scientific. His wife, .Sofia Nadejde, who was one of the alilest contributors to the Contemporanul. Const. Mille, V. G. Mortzun. and Th. Speranza (1850—) are the better known poets of this group. Its literaiy theoretician is C. Dobrogeanu- Gherea (1854 — ), a critic of great ability, who fought with great success against the established aesthetic theories represented b.y Titu Maiorescu (1840 — ), the leader of the Junimca (Youth), a conservative literarv society, which held the field l)etween 1860 and 1880. "From a literarj' standpoint the Revista Xoui'i (The New Review) founded (1887) by B. P. Hasdeu, was a successful rival of the Contemporanul. The in- fluence upon the youth exerted b.v Nadejde and his friends was great. The radical thought of Europe, the most modern ideas, the most recent discoveries, the latest intellectual movements, were all brilliantlv popularized in the Contem- poranul. With the activity of Nadejde and his friends was consummated the intellectual revolu- tion liegun toward the end of the eighteenth cen- tury — to wit, the utter transformation of the old Rumanian society and literature, essentially Oriental, through the diftusion of the best thought of 'estern Europe. BicLiOGR.PHY. DiCTioxAEiES: C'ihac, Dietion- naire d'etymologie daco-roumane (i. 1870, ii. 1879). For the etymologies of the foreign ele- ments in the language, consult Miklosich, Ros- ier. Edelspracher, ^aineami, Costinescu, Vo- cabular roinino-franee~ (Bucharest, 1870), Fred- eric Dame, Rumanian and French, and fsain- eanu's Rumanian and German. Gbamm.rs: C'ipariu (Bucharest. 1870-77) and Nadejde (Jas- s.v, 1884). Also in Cipariu, Principii de limhS, si de script ura (Principles of language and ortho,g- raphy) (Blaj. 1804), and Hasdeu's Cuvcnte din hutrini (Bucharest, 1878-79). Philology: The works of Mussafia, Gaster, Miklosich, and the various reviews of Romance philology. Hlstort of LlTER.Tl'RE : Pumuul, Lepturariu ro- nianesc (Rumanian Anthology) (Vienna, 1805) ; Densusianu. Istoria Limbei ?i litcraturei Romune (2d ed., Jassy, 1894) : Filippide, Introducere in Istoria limbei si literaturci ro- mlne (las'sy, 1888) ; ^aineanu. Istoria filologiel romune (Bucharest, 1892) ; Rudow, Geschichte des rumSnischen Schrifttums bis stir Gegcnwart ( Wernigerode, 1892). Old Text.s: Capariu, Crcstomatie scan Analecte Litcrarie (Blasiu, 1858). on the 10th and 17th centuries; Cogalnice- anu, Lctopiseteile tSri Moldovii (lassy, 1841-52) ; Laurianu (the chronicles) and BIceseu, Magazin Istoric pentru (for) Dacia (1845-47); Gaster, Chrestomatie romana (Leipzig. 1891), with French glossary. Folk-lore: Harden, Cartile poporane ale Romanilor in secolul al XVI.-lea (the popular books of the Rumanians in the 10th century) (Bucharest, 1879) : Gaster, Literatura popularu romdnJi (ib.. 1883): ^aineanu, lias- mele romune in comparafiune cu legendele antice clasice si in legatnru cu basmele poporrlor ro- manice (The Rumanian folk-tales compared with the ancient classic legends and in relation 