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* HUGE. 342 RUGS. Jl'rus'iian cpnsorsliip, he went to Paris (1843-45), ami later to Switzerland. He then became a bookseller in Leipzig, published a democratic journal. Die Kcfonii, was elected to the Frank- ifort Parliament (1848), and in the next year he lied to England. He aided ilazzini and Ledru- liollin in organizing the Central European Demo- cratic Connnittce (1849), and, from 18.52, lived in Brighton, teaching and writing. He wrote, among other things, a Maiiifest an die deutsche Xulioii (ISGtJ). and Geschichte unserer Zeit (1881). In 1877 he was pensioned by the Ger- man Government. His autobiography Aiis frii- hovr y,pit, appeared in Berlin. 1863-67 ; his Let- ters were edited by Nerrlich (ib., 1885-86). BUGEN, ry'gen. The largest of the islands of Germany, situated in the Baltic Sea off the coast of Pomerania, from which it is separated by the Strelasund, one mile wide (Jlap: Ger- many, El). It is 33 miles long from north to south, and 26 miles wide, and has an area of 362 square miles. It is of extremely irregular shape, the northeastern portion being separated from the remainder by a deep and irregular inlet known as the Jasmunder Bodden. It is level in the west and hilly in the east, nearly the whole eastern coast consisting of steep chalk cliffs rising in one place to a height of 528 feet. The scenery is pleasing, and, together with the good sea-bathing, attracts many visitors. The soil is fertile, producing grain and rape-seed; cattle-raising and herring fisheries are also im- portant. Population, in 1900, 46,270. The chief town is Bergen. Riigen was taken possession of by V'aldemar I. of Denmark in 1168, and was imited with Pomerania in 1325. In 1648 it passed to Sweden, and in 1815 was acquired by Prussia, to which it still belongs. EU'GENDAS, Georg Philipp (1666-1742). A German battle and military genre painter and engraver, born at Augsburg. He was a pupil of Isaac (or .Jacob) Fischer, an historical painter, took Bourguignon, Lembke, and Tempesta for his models, but formed his style more especially through the study of the various phases of the military profession, from real life. He con- tinued his studies for two years in Vienna, and in 1692 under ilolinari in Venice, thence went to Rome. During the siege and pillage of Augs- burg in 1703 be exposed himself to great danger by drawing, in the midst of the engagements, the scenes around him. The six etchings resulting from this are perhaps the most meritorious part of his work. His oil paintings, spirited in draw- ing, but defective in coloring, may best be studied in the Brunswick Gallery, which contains nine battle-pieces bv him. Consult the monograph bv Count Stillfried (Berlin, 1879). RUGEB, roo'ger, Thom.is Howabd (1833—). An American soldier, born at Lima, N. Y. He graduated at West Point in 1854, and was as- signed to the engineers, but resigned a year later and became a lawyer at .Janesville. Wis. On the outbreak of the Civil War he reentered the service as lieutenant-colonel of the Third Wis- consin Volunteers, and diiring the first half of the war participated in the campaigns in Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania, becoming brigadier -general of volunteers in November, 1862. In 1864 he commanded a brigade of the Twentieth Corps during the invasion of Georgia, and later commanded a divi- sion of the Twenty-third Corps in the Tennessee campaign against Gen. .John B. Hood (q.v. ), and for his gallantry at the battle of Franklin re- ceived the brevet rank of major-general of volun- teers. Later he took part in the operations in North Carolina. After the war he was com- missioned colonel of the Thirtj'-third Infantry, in -July, 1866, and in 1871 was appointed super- intendent of the United States Military Academy, where he remained until 1876. He was promoted to be brigadier-general in March, 1886, and to be major-general in February, 1895, and was retired from the seryice in May, 1897. RTJGGLES, S.MUEL Bllkley (1800-80). An Ameiican lawyer, born in Connecticut. He graduated at Yale in 1814, and was admitted to the New York bar in 1821. In 1838 he was elected a member of the State Legislature. In 1839 he was chosen as a canal commissioner, and the following year became president of the canal board, an office which he held again in 1858. He represented the United States in the international monetary conference in Paris, and was a delegate to the statistical conference at The Hague in 1809. As a member of the New York Chamber of Commerce he collected valuable sta- tistics concerning production and transportation. RUGGLES, rug'g'lz, Timothy (1711-95). An American jurist and soldier, born at Rochester, Mass. He graduated at Harvard in 1732, .stud- ied law, and in time became one of the foremost lawyers of the colony. He was made a judge of the Court of Common Pleas for Worcester County in 1757, and five years later became its Chief Jus- tice. F^or many years he was a member of the General Court. A'hen the F'rench and Indian War began he entered the army, was second in command at the battle of Lake George in 1755, was made a brigadier-general, and in 1759-00 took part under General Amherst in the con- quest of Canada. As a reward for his services he was given a farm by Massachusetts, and later was appointed to the office of surveyor-general of the King's forests. In 1765 he was president of the Stamp Act Congress, but, having refused to transmit to England the addresses and peti- tions drawn vip by that body, he was censured by the Massachusetts General Court and repri- manded by the I^peaker. In 1774 he received an appointment as mandamus counselor, and as he expressed his intention to serve, became so un- popular that he was forced to seek safety in Bos- ton. 'hen the British were forced to evacuate that city, he accompanied them, and ultimately settled in Nova Scotia, where he died. Consult: Washburn, Sketches of the Judicial Eistcrrn of Massrirhiisetts from HiSO to the Revolution in 1775 (Boston, 1840) ; and Paige, History of Hard- u-ick (Boston, 1893). RUGS (from Swed. riif/r/. rough tangled hair; probably connected with LGcr. rug. OHG. rfih, Oer. rauh, AS. n'lh, rug, Eng. rough, and with Lith. rnuka.t; fold, wrinkle). Floor coverings made in one piece, covering usually only a portion of the floor. A rug may be woven or it may be made from an animal's skin. Oriental rugs are sometimes used for hangings as well as for floor coverings. The ordinary power-loom rugs of Eu- rope and America differ from carpets in their shape and size, rather than in the method of their manufacture. A Smt/rna rug is simply a chenille Axminster (see Carpets), with the wool on both