Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/377

* RTJFFINI. 3-tl SUOE. cfiizo (18G3), anil oViw.r works. His autobiog- rapli.v a[)peared in 185;! under the title Passages in the Life of an Italian. RUF'FO, Fabrizio (17-14-1827). An Italian cardinal and general. He was born in Cala- bria, a descendant of the dncal family of liar- ncUo, and was trained as a priest. In 1794 lie was made cardinal. He entered afterwards the Neapolitan service, and offered stnbborn and successful resistiince to t'hanipionnet, who, at the liead of a French army, attempted to cap- ture Naples. Having gathered a Uirge nundier of royalists in Calabria, with the aid of the celel>rated brigand chief I'^ra Diavolo (q.v. ), he expelled the French and the republicans from the country and restored King Fenliand 1. to the throne in ll'MK RTJFIJI, roo-fe'je. The principal river in German East Africa. It is formed by the junc- tion of the Luvegu and Ulanga and Hows north- eastward and then eastward, entering the In- dian Ocean through a large delta 120 miles south of Zanzibar. The heaustreams rise on the Livingstone Jlountains northeast of Lake Nyassa, and flow through a sparsely inhabited forest country. Some distance below the confluence the Euliji receives the Rviaha, which rises north of Lake Nyassa, and e.xceeds the main stream in length. The Rufiji is navigable for small steam- ers up to the falls below the confluence of its headstreams, above which the Ulanga is again permanently navigable for the greater part of its course. RTJ&'BY. A market town in Warwickshire, England, 15 miles northeast of Warwick (Jlap: England, E 4). It is an important junction of five difl'crent railwajs. It derives its celebrity from Rugbv School (q.v.), founded in 1567. Population," in 1901, 16,830. Consult: Bloxham and Smith. Rugby: Its School and S eighborhood (London. 1889) ; Rimmer, Rambles Around Rugbt/ (ib., 1882). RUGBY. A town In Jlorgan County, Ten- nessee. 7 miles from Rugby station on the Cin- cinnati Southern Railroad, and 114 miles north of Chattanooga. The towni was founded in the expectation of developing an ideal community. The first steps were taken by New England capi- talists, who soon transferred the enterprise to an English company, which invested £150.000 in a tract of 50.000 acres and improvements. The site was ready in 1880, and a colony of English farmers took possession. The plan contemplated a combination of industrial activity with atten- tion to culture and out-of-door Englisli sports, .such as cricket and hunting, and it was expected that the colony would consist of both American families and the sons of English farmers of the better class in fair circumstances. It was, how- ever, never successful, and after a few years the distinctive features of the colony were abandoned. The town is now a popular health resort. RUGBY SCHOOL. A famous public school, situated at Rugby, England, founded in 1567 un- der the will of Lawrence SheriflTe as a free school for the children of Rugby and Brownsover. Ed- ward Rolston was appointed the first master in 1.574. Up to lfi67 theschool remained in compara- tive obscurity. Its history during that trying pe- riod is characterized mainly by a series of law- suits between descendants of the founder, who tried to defeat [Uv intciilinn-i of the ti^tator. and the masters ami Uu^teo. who (ried to carry them out. A tinal decision was handed ilown in l(lii7, contirniing the lliidiiigs of a ••iiiunii.-Nioii in favor of the trust, and henceforth tlii' school maiiitainitl a steady growth. Under the vigorous uiliiiiiiistra- tion_of Francis Holyoake. Iieadinasler from llMK to 1731, Ru"by a.ssunied considerable liiiportani'o among Knglisli public schools, there being nt Olio time an enrollment of more than 100 pupils. Thomas James, an Ktoiiian by education, vu« elected headmaster in 1778, lie was an accom- plished scholar in classics anil matheiiialic'*, and a lirm disci|ilinarian. He introduced exliibitioiis, forms, tutors, 'pra'postors,' and fags, and in gen- eral all the methods in vogue at Ktoii. .t the end of his regime (1794) the attendance won about 200. James was the first real organizer of Rugby as we liiid it to-day. The choice of Thomas Arnold (q.v.) in 1829 as headmaster of Uiigby marks the beginning of a new spirit in English education. The aim hitherto had been the inculcation of knowledge with a view to preparation for university examinations. Arnold conceived the idea of education that makes for character. He sagaciously accepted the organization of Rugby as he found it, but he in- fused new life and light into it. He did not abro- gate the liberty of the older boys, but he added to it res|)onsibility by placing the discipline of the school in the hands of the sixth form. The unhappy lot of fags was under his influence con- siderably ameliorated. Since his death in 1842 the successive masters have with more or less success striven to maintain the high standard set up by Arnold. In IStiS the government of the school was transferred to a board of governors, the board of trustees retaining nianagenient of the finances and the appointing of masters. The lower school was establislicd in 1878 for founda- tioners, Rugby School ]iro]ier being devoted to the education of non-foundationers. The studies at Rugby are still mainly classical. The modern tendencies are, however, fast making an inroad into the school eurrieulum. There are 14 com- petitive scholarships, ranging from £20 to £100 annually. In 1900 Rugl)y had an attendam-e of about GOO, distributed among the classical, specialist, and modern 'sides' and the army class. The principal buildings are the Rugby and New Big Schools, built in quadrangles; the chapel, the gymnasium, and the niuseuni. In 1000 there w-eie 9 dormitories. The 'Close' is the prin- cipal playground and contains about 17 acres. the most popular game being football. Rugby includes also a library, a laboratory, a vivarium, and a workshop. Two missions, one home and one foreign, arc sujiported by Rugbeians. The Meteor is the principal publication. By far the best known of English public schools. Rugby owes its celebrity in part to the truthful picture of the school life of real boys as drawn by one of her sons, Thomas Hughes, in his cla--ic Turn liroifn at Rugby. RUGE, ron'g'-. Arxold (1.8n'2-SO(. A i.c-imkhi political agitator and miseellaneous writer, born at Bergen, island of Rilgeii. He studied nt Jena and Halle, shared in the student agitations of 1821-24, was imprisoned (1824-30). became pri- vat-doeent at Halle (18.32). founded the flnlhschr Jahrbiicher (1837), as an organ of the Young German Hegelians, and, ou its suppression by the