Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/371

* RTJBINSTEIN. 335 RUBY. made him a nolile, recciviiitr nlso tlic title of Im-- ju'iiiil ]?ussian State Councilor. In 1870 lie was enjiajjeil to diicet the Pliillianiionio and t'lioral societies of Vienna, after which lie entered upon an e.tended tour of the principal countries of the world, in the conrse of which, and in company with the violin virtuoso W'ieniawski. he visited ETJBUS (I,a(.. Iiranililci. .A ;;cnu^ of poren- nial li.rli- aucl often suldifiMeinis Hteninied HhriilM of the natural order I{osacea>. The fruit is edilile in all, in- almost all, the numerous specieH, whieh are natives diirlly of the eidch'r purLs of the Xorthcrn llcnii..plicre. The ra^pliiory and liram- blc, or Idaekherry, and clou<llierry (i|i|,v.) IM-Ionf; America (18(2). l"rom 1887 to 18<)0 he was to the fienus; //h^hs .s-,„rM;„7,X 'the -alnionl.errv again director of the Saint I'etershur- Conserya- found in Uritisli foluiiilda and Southern laska tory. From 1800 to 1802 he lived principally in is a shruhhv spceies, with Inrtje dark purple Berlin, and the next two years he spent in Dres den, after whieli he returned to Saint I'etershurp, in which city he died. The lines of his greatest development were in a degree formulated by Liszt, and German thought and tendency inlliienced his virtuosity. He was of the Beethoven tyjie, and curiously enough w-as not unlike that master physically; yet he differed from Beethoven in just such ideals and tendencies as made him nat- urally a worshiper of Chopin, and correspond- ingly distrustful of the music and school of Wag- ner. Among his greatest works may be men- tioned the Ocean Siimphotii/. Drumatic St/mi}honi/, and a sketch for grand orchestra, Iiaii the Tcrri- 6Zc, which have established his fame as a sym- [ihonist. Of his operas the following may be singled out: Die Kinder der Haidc (IStil) ; Fer- amors, odcr Lalla Rookh (1863) ; Xero (1870) ; Die Makkabder (1875): Dimitri Donskoi (1852); The Demon (1875). His oratorios include Paradise Lost (1875) and The Toiler of Babel. Many of his songs are standard concert favorites, and with few exceptions his numerous compositions, cham- ber, salon, and concert, are strikingly beautiful, and possess every element of permanenc.y. He also wrote Die Musik tind ihre Meister (Leip- zig. 1892) and Gedankenkorb (1897). He insti- tuted the two Rubinstein prizes of 5000 francs each in playing and composition, open to all nationalities, competitions for which are held quinquennially in each of the following cities : Saint Petersburg, Berlin, Vienna, Paris. Consult: Erinnerungen aus .SO Jahrcn, 1S30-S9 (Leipzig, 1893) ; MacArthur, Life of Rubinstein (London, 1889). RTJBINSTEIN, Nikol.i (1835-81). A Rus- sian composer, brother of Anton, born in Moscow. From 1844 to 1840 he was Kullak's pupil in piano- forte and Dehn's in composition, in Berlin. He founded the Moscow Musical Society in 1859. This society opened the Moscow Conservatory in 1864 and appointed Rubinstein director, which position he occupied until his death. Among his pieces are tarantellas, mazurkas, polkas, and valses. He died in Paris. RUBLE (Russ. r»6f?. perhaps from rubiti. to cut off, or from Pers.. Hind, riipiiju, rupee, from rupa, silver, from Skt. rupa, silver, wrought work, handsome, from rupa, natural state, form, beauty). A Russian silver coin of the value of 100 kopecks, the unit of Russian coinage. Since the adoption of the gold standard in 1897 the value of the ruble has been fixed at 51 cents. RUBRIC (Lat. rubriea. red earth, red ochre, red law-title. law. rubric, from ruber, red). A purpi fragrant llowers. Its dark yellow or red, acid, somewhat a>tringeiit fruit is alxuit the size of a blackberry, and is extensively UK<-d as a dessert an<l for i)ies, etc. Ruhiis sa,riilitiK, sonietiiiieH called the stone bramble, is a perennial herb, with pleasant fruit of few rather large ilnipe.s. It is a native of stony places, in nioiiiitainous Jiarts of Europe. Rubiis (irrliriis, native to mountainous regions, is a small herb with rose- colored large llowers, and purplish-red exipiisitely flavored fruit. Rtibus slellatus, an Ala.skan spe- cies knofl-n as 'Kiiesheneka' and 'moroiig.' has a similar fruit. The ilewberries resemble and are closely related to the blackberries. RUBY (OF. rubi. riibis-.. Fr. rubis. Sp. rubi. rubiii, It. rubino, from ML. rubiiuis. riihius, rubium, ruby, from Lat. rubcns, red. from riibrrr, to be red, from ruber, red). A red transparent variety of corundum much ]>rized as a gem. The darker colors are wine red. earinine, or blood red, and most rubies have more ort less of a blue or violet tint when viewed by transmitted light. The most valuable shade is the deep, clear, carmine red. com- monly termed pigeon's-blood red. Others of poorer quality are of a lighter shade, or may contain white spots, which in some cases disajipear on heating. Unlike other gems, the ruby can be heated to a high temperature without the red color being destroyed. Rubies are dieliroic by transmitteil light, and they possess the advantage of appearing e(piall.v brilliant by artificial or natural light. Rubies of large size are scarce and of high value, so that a 3-carat stone of proper color and free from flaws is worth several times as much as a diamond of the same size. Among the largest rubies may be mentioned two belonging to the King of Bishenpur. in India, which weighed 50% and 17^-! carats respectively. The largest ruby known is one from Tibet weighing 2000 carats, but it is not of first quality. Rubies are found in many localities, but most of the occur- rences are of little value. The celel)rale(l pigeon's- blood stones are olitaincd from .landalay. in Bur- ma. The rubies are separated fnmi the loose earth or •hyon" by washing. Small rubies, gener- ally of pink color, are found at Hatnapiira. in Ce.ylon, and others are obtained fioni Siam. They are also known to occur in Victoria and New South Wales, its well as in the (iovernment of Perm, Russia. In the United States rubies have been found in stream gravels near Franklin, Macon County. X. C, from which they "are ex- tracted bv w-ashing. Those found in .rizona and other Western States are not true rubies, but a variety of garnet. The same is true of name applied to the directions for the conduct the so-called Cape rubies found with the dia- of divine worship found in various service books, monds in South Africa. Rubies have been made so called because they were originally written, artificially up to M. carat in size and have been and are now frequently printed, in red ink, to dis- used as watch jewels Consult Bauer, fcrfft- tinguish them from ' the text of the prayers, stcmkundc (Leipzig, 1890).