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* EUBENS. 334 RUBINSTEIN. his extraordinary facility of production and the sensuous brilliancy of color, his inimitable treat- ment of the nude and wonderful luminosity of llesli tones, exercised a far-reacliing influence upon his contemporaries and disciples, which was felt in Flemish art for more than a century, ex- tending to every brancli of painting. In the nine- teenth century it proved an inspiration to the Romanticist movement, not only in Belgium, but in Europe. Of his extremely numerous pupils 'an Dyck was the most famous, and Theodor van Thulden was his favorite. The number of hig paintings amounted to 1300, nearly two-thirds of which were by his hand alone. He also educated a school of engravers, which acquired fame through the reproduction of his renowned works, and a large number of drawings bear wit- ness to his industry also in that tieid. Rubens was a man of scholarly attainment and universal cultui'e, who had a thorough command of Latin and six other languages, and corresponded with many distinguished contemporaries. Bibliography. For his life, consult: Van Has- self (Brussels, 1840) : Waagen, trans, by Noel, edited by Mrs. Jameson (London. 1840) ; Kinkel (Basel, 1874) ; Genard (Antwerp, 1877) : Rosen- berg, in Zeilscltrift fiir bildende Kviist (Leipzig, 1896); Stevenson (London, 1898); Michel (Paris, 1900) ; and Knackfuss (6th ed., Leipzig, 1901). Consult also: Saintsbury, Original Un- published Papers lUusiratire of the Life of Ru- 6ens (London, 18.59) ; Rosenberg, Kubensbricfc (Leipzig, 1881) ; Ruelens, Correspotulance de Ru- bens et doeuments epistolaires concernant sa vie et ses oeurres (Antwerp, 1887 et seq.) : Michiels, Rubens et I'ecole d'Anrers (Paris, 1879) ; Hy- mans, Histoire de la gramire dans I'ecole de Ru- bens (Brussels, 1879) ; Van den Branden, Ge- schiedenis der Antwerpsche Schilderschool (Ant- werp, 1883) : Rosenberg, Der Kupferstich in der Schule und vnter dem Einfluss des Rubens (Vi- enna, 1888) ; id.. Die Riibenssteeher (ib., 1893) : Eooses. L'oeurre de Rubens (Antwerp, 1882-96) ; and the Bulletin Rubens (Antwerp and Brussels, 1882, et seq.). RUBEOLA. See Measles. RUBIACE.a; (NeoLat. nom. pi., from Lat. ruhia, madder, from ruhens. ruber, red). The Madder Family. One of the largest orders of dicotyledonous plants, consisting of more than 350 genera and 4500 species of trees, shrubs, and herbs most abundant within the tropics. Vari- ous schemes of classification of this order have been presented, some botanists limiting it to the herbs like Galium, etc., but most systematists extending it to include much larger numbers. The classification of Schumann as given by Eng- ler divides the order into two suborders. Cincho- noidcEB and CofTeoideje, both of which ai'e again subdivided, twenty-one tribes being recognized. Some of the better known and more important genera are: Houstonia, Cinchona, Gardenia, Guettarda, Chiococca, Coffea, Uragoga (which in- cludes Ceph.tlis), Coprosonia, Morinda, Asperula, Galium, and Rubia. The name of the family is derived from Rubia tinctoria, the madder. RU'BICON. The ancient name of a stream flowing into the Adriatic, ^Yhich formed the boundary between Ci.salpine Gaul and Italy proper. It obtained a proverbial celebrity from the well-known story of its passage by Caesar, who, by crossing it in b.c. 49, virtually declared war against the Kejiublic. llcncc the phrase 'to cross the Kuliicoii' las come to mean to take an irrevocable step. The modern Luso, called by the peasants on its banks II Rubicone, has claims to being the ancient Rubicon ; but arguments preponileratc in favor of the Fiumieino. RUBIDIUM (Neo-Lat., from Lat. rubidus, reddish, from ruber, red). A metallic chemical element discovered by Bunsen and KirchhoU' in 1861, by means of the spectroscope, in the min- eral waters of Diirklieim, Germany. It is found with cesium in the minerals lepidolite and peta- lite, in the waters from various springs, in the ashes of seaweed and tobacco, in tea, and in beet- root molasses. Bunsen separated ruliidium chlo- ride by evaporating large quantities of the min- eral water mentioned above, and then subjecting the molten chloride to the current of an electric battery, when the metal rose to the surface in the form of globules. It is more commonly obtained by heating a mixture of sugar-charcoal, charred acid rubidium tartrate, and calcium carljonate at a white heat, in an iron cylinder connected l)y an iron tube with a glass receiver, into which the rubidium distills ovei'. Rubidium (symbol Rb; atomic weight, 85.43) is a silver-white soft metal that melts at 38.5" C. (101.3° F. ) and evolves a bluish vapor at a dull red heat. It oxidizes rapidly in the air and decomposes water with ignition of the liberated hydrogen. It is the most positive element next to ciesium. With o.xygen it forms a monoxide similar to that of potassium, and its salts are readily recognized l)y the red color that they ex- hibit when heated in the non-luminous flame of a Bunsen burner. RUBINSTEIN, roo'bln-stin, Anton (18.30- 94). A famous Ru.ssian pianist and composer, born at Wechwotynecz, near Dubossary. Gov- ernment of Kherson, of .Jewish parentage. His mother commenced his musical educa- tion when he was but four years of age, and in two years he had exhausted her knowledge. He was then placed under Villoing. In 1840"he entered the Paris Conservatory and shortly afterwards attracted the attention of Liszt, Chopin, and Tlialberg. He stayed in Paris eighteen months, after which he made some ex- traordinarily successful tours. His parents, who for business reasons had moved to Moscow soon after his birth, about this time (1844) moved to Berlin, a step strongly advised by Liszt. There Anton was placed under the famous Dehn for composition and theory. From 1846 to 1848 he was thi-own on his own resources, his jjarents having returned to Moscow, and he took up teaching in Vienna, returning to Russia in 1848, and settling in Saint Petersliurg. Here he came under the patronage of the Grand Duch- ess Helen, and for the following eight years studied and wrote assiduously. ]>roducing sev- eral operas, and accumulating the manuscripts which subsequently brought him a world-wide fame as a composer. He made a tour of Ger- many, France, and England (1857). and upon his return to Saint Petersburg in 1858 received the appointment of Court pianist, and conductor of the Court concerts. He founded the Saint Peters- burg Conservatory of Music ( 1802), and remained its director until' 1867. In 1861 he organized the Russian Musical Society, and in 1889 was decorated with the Order of Vladimir, which