Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/361

* BOYER-COLLARD. (see Doctrinaire), and ailvocated a constitu- tional nionarcliy. The Frencli Academy elected him to uicmbei>;hii) in 1827, and in 1828 he was named inesident of the t'liambor of Deputies. In that capueity Royei-Collard had to pre- sent the famous address of the 221 Depitie.s (ilarch, 1830), refusing tleir support to the Government, which the Kiiij; declined to hear read. On the next day the Chamber was pro- rogued. After the Revolution of duly, 1830, he reentered politics, but in 1842 he withdrew com- pletely from public life. Consult the biogra- phies by Philippe (Paris, 18.57); Lacombe (ib., 1803) ; Barante, containing many of his Biweches (ib., 1878) ; also Faguet, PolUiqucs ct moiuirchistes du XlX^e siccle (ib., 1891). ROYLE, .John Forbes ( 17!H)-I8r>8). An Eng lish naturalist, born at Cawnpore, India. He studied at the Military Institute of the East India Company, Addiscombe, w-as appointed assistant surgeon to the company, and served on the medi- cal staff of the army of Bengal. In 1823 he was appointed physician at the station of Saharun- pore, and superintendent of the garden there. In that post he made useful researches in botany and meteorology. He was appointed professor of materia inedica at King's College, London, in 1837, and in the same year was elected a fellow of the Royal Society. He was a careful ob- server, and accurate in his published writings, more especially those on technical matters. Among his works are: An Essay on the Antiquity of Hindoo Medicine (1837) ; On the Culture and Commerce of Cotton in India and Elsewhere (1851) ; and The Fibrous Plants of India Fitted for Cordage (1855). Consult Britten and Boul- ger, Bioyrnphical Index of British and Irish Botanists (London, 1893). ROY'TON. A town in Lancashire, England, 2 miles north-nortlnvest of Oldham (Map: Eng- land, D 3). It has large cotton industries. The town has undergone nnich modern improvement, maintains gas and water supplies, and owns mar- kets. Population, in 1901, 14,880. ROZE, Marie (1848—). A French operatic singer, born in Paris. She studied at the Paris Conservatory, where she gained the highest honors. She first appeared in opera in 1867, sing- ing the part of Herold's Marie with great suc- cess. At the end of three years she with- drew to study grand opera under Wartel, • inunod, and Ambroi.se Thomas, reappearing as 'Marguerite' in Faust at the Grand Opera with nuich siiccess. During the siege of Paris she remained in the city, turning her house into a hospital for the w-ounded, and organizing numer- ous concerts for their benefit. After the war she made a tour through the principal cities of Europe, and first appeared in London in 1872, where for four years she sang in the Italian opera. In 1877 she married Henry Mapleson, and began a two years' tour in the United States, re- turning to London after its completion, where she became a popular concert and oratorio singer. RtTABON, roo-ii'bon. A parish town and rail- way junction of nenbighshirc, Wales, on the Dee, 5 miles southwest of Wrexham (Map: Wales, C 4). Iron ore and anthracite coal are mined extensively in the neighborhood, and there are im- portant iron works and brick and tile factories. Population of parish, in 1891, 17,000; in 1901, 21,721. 329 RUBBER. RTJAtAN, rOr.'a-l;in', or ROATAN. The largest of the Hay Islands (q.v.). RUBAIYAT, rno-boi'yilt (Arabic pliirni of ruba'}, quatrain, 'from urba'a, four). 'I'lie term applied to a colleetiun of Persian iiuatraiiiM. Tlu- rubu'i, or miatrnin. is the distinelivc Pemittu nietrc, and lias the foWowing verscsclienie, read from right to left: with the rhyme aaaa or aaha. The rhyme may, however, go back several syllablcH, or even wordH, as in the following example cited from the forty-fifth quatrain of Payne's tranHlntion of Omar Khayyam: Sl;niker, since ruin l8 o( I'lirluno planniMl forlliwiond ini-. Tills nethcT world is no aliliiing liiiid tor llii'c iind mi'; ypt, BO thewino-cU|) In the midst l>ut stnnd tor then and iiit>, Uest thou assured the very Truth's In buud further and mo. There are many variations in rhyme which may become as intricate as quatrain 770 of the same translation: I spake, thou spaki^st: heart nave I thee, thou mo disdain. I take, thou takest:tiiou licart tloni nie. I trom thiw pain. I am, tllou art. too— thou nierr.v and I for tlnKi sad. I mak*?, thou makeatithou wrong: and I patience la vain. Xcarly all the poets of Persia include in their works a Kubaiyat. Through the translation of Omar Khayyam (q.v. ) liy Edward FitzGerald (q.v. ) this quatrain, modified to the English heroic metre of the iambic pentameter, was made an English verse-form. For a knowledge of the metrical variations in Persian with an exact reproduction in English, consult Payne. Quatrains of Omar Khayyam of Sishupuur (London. 1898). RTJBASSE, rii'biis' (Fr., red-colored quartz), Ancona Kuhy, or Mo.nt Blaxc Rluv. A variety of crystallized quartz containing occluded spangles of hematite or specular iron, whiih rcllect a bright red color resembling that of the ruby. RUBATO, roobii't.*., Temi'o (It., stolen). In music, a phrase indieating that the performer i.s to modify the regular rhytliniic movement, by emphasizing, and thus prolonging, important notes. The less impiuiant notes of the liar must consequently be curtailed, so that its aggregate value may remain unchanged. RUBBER (from rub: perhaps connected with Gael. rub. Welsh rhuhio. to rub, Ir. rubnir, Gael. rubair. a rubber). iNmA-RnniiEK, or Caoutchouc. A substance W'hich, on account of it.s peculiar properties, is much used in the arts. Probably no single article has within the past century ex- perienced more rapid growth in its relation to commerce and manufaelures. Rubber is not. as is often supposed, the product of a single species of trees, but is produced by a number of dilTer- ent kinds, all of them 'thriving in tropical climates only. Some of them rcipiirc a moist, alluvial soil,' and others flourish in a stony soil, with only an intermittent rainfall. Rapidly aa the consumption of rubber has increased, there seems no danger of exhausting the world's .supply, so abundant ami widely scattered are its sources. In 1900 india-rubber forests of vast extent and superior qualify were found in Holivia. and other similar regions doubtless await the explorer. The Province of Pari'i. in Brazil, furnishes the largest quantity and best quality of rubber yet known to commerce, the standard by which all other varieties are compared.