Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/353

* ROUSSILLON. 321 BOVE BEETLE. the country its nanu'. From the Romans, the region passed, about 4U0, to the ^^isigoths and in 720 it was conquered by the Arabs. 'I'lie Franks conquered it in 759. Under the Carolingians it was ruhnl by counts wlio, about DOO, succeeded in establishing tlicir indc])endencc. In I17'2I{ous- sillon was acquired by Aragon, and in 142 it was wrested from Spain by Louis XI II, of France. It was definitely ceded to France liy the Peace of the Pyrenees ('lOoll), ROUTH, routh, EmvARD JoiixN {18:U — ), An English mathematician, born in Quebec, Canada, and educated at University College, London, and at Peterhouse, Cambridge, He received high hon- ors in London and Cambridge, and was a well- known tutor from 18.55 to 1888. Routh w'as long examiner in Cambridge and London universities; was fellow of Peterhouse (1857-04) ; was elected to the Astronomical Society in 18(Mi and to the Royal Society in 1872. He published a Trcatis-c on Rigid Di/iiainics. which went through si.K edi- tions and was translated into German; a Treatise on Analt/tic Statics (1801-02) ; and Dijnamics of a Particle (1808). ROUTH, M.RTix JO.SEPH (1755-1854), An English scholar and educator, born in Soutli Elmham, Suffolk, and educated at Queen's and Magdalen colleges. Oxford. At Magdalen he be- came fellow in 1775, librarian in 1781, and senior proctor in 1784. Elected president of the college in 1701, he held that post for sixty-three years, Routh lived into his one hundredth year with no impairment of his mind and little of his bodily strength. He was a thorough scholar, an especial authority on ecclesiastical law and history, and an intimate friend of Porson. Routh's library became the property of Durham L'niversity, He published editions of Plato's Euthydemus and Oorffias (1784), Relifjaiw Sacrw Secundi Ter- tiique Swciili post Christum (1814-18), Burnet's History (1823) and History of the Reiyn of James II. (1852), Scriptorttni IJcclesiasticorum Opuscula qucedam (1832), and Tres breves Tractatus (1853), Consult the sketch in Bur- gon's Lives of Twelve Good Men (London, 2d ed,, 1888). ROUTHIER, rCo'tya', AnoLF B.sile (1830 — ), A Canadian jurist, born at Saint Placide, Province of Quebec, He graduated in 1858 at Laval University, Quebec, was admitted to the bar in 18G1, practiced at Kamouraska, and in 1873 he became a puisne .judge of the Superior Court of Quebec Province. In 1807 he was ap- pointed .judge of the Vice-Admiralty Court of Quebec. He was also professor of international law in the Laval LTniversity, and a fellow of the Royal Society of Canada. Previous to his ap- pearance on the bench he was active as a journal- i.st, and he published several volumes, including A t ravers I'Europe (1882-83), his most impor- tant work: Les eehos (1883), a collection of verse: and Conferences et disconrs (1800), ROTJTLEDGE, rut'lej, George (1812-88). The founder of the London publishing firm now styled George Routledge & Sons. He was born at Brampton, in Cumberland. After serving his apprenticeship with a bookseller at Carlisle, he went to London (1833), and in the course of three years he opened a retail shop of Iiis own (1836). In 1843 he began publishing. Rout- ledge was a pioneer in publishing cheap books, especially of American authors, for the masses. Among his successful ventures are The Railiray IMirary (1848 et seq,), lending otV with (•iM>iier and numbering over a tlionsand vt>lunieH: Rout- Irilyr's Iniversul Libniry, eilited tiy Henry Mor- ley (tiO vols., 1883 et seq.) ; and editiunH of Irv- ing, Cooper, Ainswortli, Itulwer, etc. Of rnr/i» Tom's Cahin he sold 500,000, ROTJVIER, roo'vvA', Maurice (1842—). A French piditician, born at .ix. He studied law. anil became an advocate at .Miirseilles. In |Hdi tics he was a Kepubliean ; lie attacked the Knipire in opposition journal, and in the National .- .scmbly, to which he was lirst elected in IM7I, he was identilied with the E.xtrenie U'fl. In 1881-82, during the Premiership of (iuniWtta, he was Minister of Conuneree and the Colonies, anil he held the portfolio of Commerce also in 1H84- 85, in the Ferry Cabinet, From May to De- cember, 1887, he was at the head of a Caliinel in which he also was .Minister of Finance. He received the portfolio of Finance (1S80) in the Tirard Ministry, and retained it during the successive Jlinistries of Freycinet, LouIm-I, and Riliot, until he withdrew from it in 1802 in con- sequence of his implication in the Panama nITair. In 1002 he became once more Minister of Fi- nance, in the Combes Cabinet. ROUX, rinT, Pierre Pail Emile (1853—), A French physician and b;icteriologist, born at Con- folens (Cliarente). He studied niediciiie at Cler- mont-Ferrand ( Puy dc Dome), and at Paris, where from 1874 to 1878 he held a subordinate post in the Faculty of Science, In 1878 he en- tered the laboratory of Pasteur, in 1883 became adjunct a.ssistant director, and in 1890 assist- ant director of the Pasteur Institute, He assist- ed Pasteur in various experiments, inchiiling those concerning the a>tlology of carbon and the preventive treatment of liydropliobia. He also did some work in the development of Ueli ring's diphtheria toxin treatment. f his other re- searches may be mentioned those conducted with Xocard regarding pneumonia, among the results of which was the discovery of the pneumonia microlic. ROUX, W ii.iiei..i (18.50—). A German physi- ologist and anatomist, born at Jena, He studied at Jena, Berlin, and Strassbnrg universi- ties, in 1870 was aiipointed an assistant in the Hygienic Institute at Leipzig, afterwards be- came a lecturer at Breslau, and in 1880 professor there. In 1880 he was called to the chair of anatomy at Innshrnek, and in 1805 received a similar appointment at Halle. His particular researches were in con- nection with the science of •Entwieklnngsme- chanik' — the influence upon physical develop- ment of the mechanical demands made upon vari- ous organs. Koux published in exposition of tins theory Die Hnlaichrlunysnuchanilc dcr Orga- visnien (1800), and other works. ROVE BEETLE. Any representative of the Staphyliniihe, one of the largest families of beetles. The body is long and slender, while the wings are very short, well developi-d, and when not in use "are folded under the short wing- covers. The abdomen is .soft and llexible. and these insects have a habit of turning up the point of it, particularly when annoyed, whence the English name 'eocktail.' Their food is carrion of different kinds, and some will feed upon living insects as well as dead ones, and probably on