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* ROUSSEAU. 319 ROUSSEAU. (17C2); and Iiis treatise on education, Ihiiilc (17U:i). These tliiee works, so dillerent from taili other, coming from the same pen in such (|uick succession, raised him to the front rank of tile literary men of his time, with only one left that could be considered his rival, Voltaire. La twuvellv Hvloise was mostly written at the Hermitage. Begun simjily as an idealized record of his youthful memories, it was suddenly trans- formed by the ardent and unrewarded passion wliii'li ho conceived for a sisterin-law of Madame d'Epinay — Jladame d'lloudetot. The society of liis lime was purely intellectual and spurned all sentimentality. Kousscau pleaded for nature, for passion, for love with the energy of a heart ablaze with an overpowering passion. The siccess of the book, especially with the feminine public, brought about nothing short of a revolution in the manner of looking upon nature and society. Then came the Contnit sociiil, which presented as the ideal and natural government the direct government of the people and which applied the name of sovei-- eign, not to an hereditary monarch, but to the whole body of citizens. Finally, Kmilc. which must not be considered a formal treatise on edu- cation, but rather a string of interesting ideas and disquisitions on the subject, again said to the world: Trust to nature. All these teach- ings, helped by Rousseau's eloquent declama- tion, told upon society. Their climax was reached in a writing inserted in the fourth book of Emile, La profexsion de foi dii ricaire savoi/ard. in which Eousseau puts into the mouth of a poor village priest a complete exposition of his system of natural religion. Although JI. de Malesherbes, the public of- ficial in charge of the supervision of new books, had read and approved of Emilc. the Parliament of Paris condemned it and ordered the arrest of the author. Rousseau took refuge at Yverdun, a village belonging to the Republic of Bern. Bern ordered him out of the territory of the Republic. Geneva acted in the same manner and condemned both Emilc and the Voniriit socifil. At last I-tous- seau found a refuge in the County of Neuchatel, then belonging to the King of Prussia, and gov- erned in his name by Marshal Keith. There, in the village of Motiers-Travers, Rousseau spent three peaceful years (1762-Go), during which he wrote the letter to Christophe de Beaumont, Archbishop of Paris, by whom he had been open- ly censured, and the eloquent Lettres de la mon- tafine, in which he answered the jurist Tronehin of Geneva, another of his critics. Another storm came, real peihaps, perhaps only stirred up by Ther^se, who wished to get away from Motiers-Travers. Stones were thrown against Rousseau's house. He believed his life in danger. He was then a prey to the idea that the whole of the world was making dark plots against him. After another vain attempt to set- tle within the boundaries of the Republic of Bern, in the island of Saint Pierre, on the .Lake of Bienne. he returned to France, and. on the in- vitation of Hume, he crossed to England. His sojourn there is unimportant in the history of his lifcj save that it is marked by his wanton quarrel with Hume, and by his writing there a large part of his Confessiona. In 1767 he left England, wandered then for a few years mostly in the soiith of France, going from one friend's residence to another, and finally in 1770 returned to Paris and settled unmolested in his old home, in the Hue I'lfltrifre. now Rue Jean • lacques Kcaisseau, where he spent the hist yearn of h_is life in comparative peace. He died'.luly 2, 1778; after a four weeks' slay in the Chflteau of Krmenonville. a few miles 'from I'luis. be- longing to the -Marcinis de (Jirardin, .Some ii»- crilR-d his death to suicide, but the idea is not entertained to-day. His last works, the Dialuifiicit, or lioiiHHrau jiiyc de Jciin ./«ri/iir<»- iiK iicur Holituire. show, one the climax iif, and the other the relief from, the menial aberration created in him both by his siipi'rsensitive hub- jectiveness and by the real persecutions that as- sailed him. There is no gooil complete edition of Rousseau's works. The best was published at Paris in 182:5-2r. by Musset-Palhay, in 23 vid- unies, but it nuist be supplemented by a nunil>er of later publications, never included in the so- called complete editions, notably by the lEurrrs et concxiioiidaiitrs iiu'diies (2 vols.) published at Paris in 18H1 by Streckeisen-Moullcin. BiBLioiiUAniy. The best English work on Rousseau is .John Morley's Ituiitmrnu (London, 187.'5). The best short work in French is the UKmograph of Arthur Chuquet in the CoUeclion des grands ceriiains fruiirais (Paris. lS!t3). Consult also the biographies bv BrockerhofT (Leipzi.-;. 18(53-74), Vogt (Vienna," 1870), Saint- Marc (iirardin (Paris, 1875). Graham (Edin- burgh. 1882), Gehrig (Xeuwied, 188!t), Mahren- holtz (Leipzig. 1889). and Beaudouin (Paris, 1802); moreover: Streckeisen-Moilton, Uoiik- seait, ses amis et ses enneinis (ib., 187.5) ; Des- luiiresterres, Voltaire et la socidf frain-aise. vol, ii. (ib., 187.5): Borgeaud, Rousseaiis Heligionx- philosophie (Leipzig. 1883) ; Jansen, Rousseau alx Miisiler (Berlin, 1884); }Juaiiras. Qiierelhs des philosophes (Paris, 18SG) ; Faguet, .Will- em e siecle (ib., 1800); Grand-Carteret, Rousseau jufie par les fraiifnis d'aujoiird'hui ( ib., IStlO); ilugnier. Madame de iri/ir/is el Jean .laei/ues Rousseau (ib.. 1800) ; Texte. Jean Jaeifues Rous- seau et les origines du cosmojmlitisme Utteraire (ib., 1895) ; LCo Claretie, Rousseau et ses amies (ib., 180(5) ; Hiiffding, Rousseau and seine I'liito- siiphie (Stuttgart. 1S07) ; Lincoln. Rousseau and the French Rerohition (Philadelphia. 1807) ; and for a criticism especially of his educational theo- ries, Schneider. Rousseau und I'cstalozzi (2d ed., Berlin. 1881); Davidson. Roussmu and Educa- tion According to Saturc (Xew York. 1808). ROUSSEAU, LovELL Harrison (1818 00). An American soldier, born in .Stanford. Lincoln County, Ky. He studied law at Louisville, re- moved to Bloomfield, Ind., and was admitted lo the Indiana bar in 1841. He fought in the Mex- ican War as a captain in the Seconil Indiana Regiment, and distinguished himself at Huena Vista, On his return from the war he was elected to the Indiana Senate, but two vears later left the State and settled in Louisville, Kv, I'pon the breaking out of the Civil War he emleav- ored to keep Kentucky in the I'nion. and in I8t!0 he raised the Fifth Kentucky Regiment, of which he was made colonel. He was pronmte<i to the rank of brigadier-general in IStJl, ser^-ed with great credit in the second day's battle at Shiloh, and for gallant conduct at Perryville was made a niaior-general of volunteers. Later he com- manded the Fifth Division of the .Vrmy of the Cumberland at Stone River and at Chickamnuga : in 1864 made a destructive raid into Alabama,