Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/347

* KOTJGE ET NOIR. 315 KOUI-ETTE. banker, takiiij; a fdiiviiiiLiil liaiuli'ul fioni the top of llic cut, vaiil; the suit of this rai'il is an inipoitant factor of the game. The dealer continues to deal the cards (face upward) alternately on either side of the card first dealt, until the aggregate in face value of the cards dealt amounts to or exceeds 31. In arriving at a total all court cards count as 10, and the remainder according to the numher of their pips. This first row of cards l)elongs to 'noir.' The second row is then dealt in like manner until 31 or the nearest over that amount is reached. The row nearest that number wins, and tile winners receive an amount ecpial to their stake. If 'couleur' is played it is understood that the player is wagering that the winning color will be the same as that of the first card dealt; similarly, the players who have placed their stakes "inverse' wager that it will be of the op- posite color. A refait or tie is where both rows of cards aggregate the same total (from ■12 to 40, inclusive) ; in which case the players neither pay nor receive. If the total, however, come to 31, the bank is entitled to half the stakes, and the player has the option of paying the half ac- cordingly, or wagering the whole by placing it within certain lines marked on the table and known asi In iirciiiiirc itrison (the first prison) un- til the result of the next hand is declared. If the player wins, the entire stake is his: if the contrary is the case, the stake belongs to the bank. ROUGHLEG. An American buzzard-hawk of the genus Archibuteo. See Buzzard; and Plate of E.GLES Axi) Hawks. ROUGH RIDERS ASSOCIATION. A pa- triotic liereditary society, organized in 1899. It has for its objects the preservation of the memories of the war with Spain, and of promot- ing a lasting friendship among the members of the First Regiment of the United States Vol- unteer Cavalry, generally known as the Rough Riders. There are about 100 names on the roll. ROUGH-WINGED SWALLOW. A swallow of the genus Stelgidopteryx. mucli like the bank swallow (q.v. ), but peculiar in that the edge of the w'ing is roughened by having the ends of the web-fibres bent into hooks. The common species of the United States is Strlciidopteryx seriipeii- nis. It is widely distributed in summer, breeding in bank burrows and in holes and crannies about clifi's, quarries, bridge-piers, and the like, where the rough edges of its wings may help it to climb and cling. It is sooty brown above, mouse- gray on the breast and sides, and white below. ROUGON-MACQUART, roij'goN' ma'kiir', Les. A famous series of romances by Emile Zola, in which it was the author's purpose to follow out the problems of heredity as exhibited in the persistence of family characteristics under different environments. The series was inten<led to present the social history of a family under the Second Empire, but the short duration of that form of government made great c(nnpression necessary, and produced unavoidable obstacles of chronology. Zola planned 12 volumes, but ex- tended the design to 20. to which Lourdes (q.v.) and Home (q.v.) were later added. In the first volume the congenital nervous disease of Ade- laide Tongue is the starting point of the ten- dencies exhibited in the descendants of her three children, Pierre, Antoine, and Ursula Maequart. Vol. XVII.— 21. The lines of development gave Zohi opportunity to paint the life of many divisionx of mieiety, and in all the volumes he iiiaile intensive sliidicH of the special class umler review, fortifying iiis personal observation by facts drawn fVoni nil sources, and striving to present n truthful pic- ture of eoiiditions. The vuUnnes of the M-rico arc: La fortune den Iluiigun (1871); Lu cun'a (1871); he vfiitrc de l'uri» (q.v.) (1873); La eonquite de I'Uissans (1874) ; Ln fattle de I'nbbi Minuet (1875); >Voii exeelleiire /-.'Hi/rMC Itouijun (1S7(>) : I'lie paqe d'liiiiiiur (1878) ; iiiui (q.v.) (18S0); I'olHouillc (1883); .4ii tiintheur den dtimes (18S3); l.a joie de rirre (1884); Hrr- titinal (q.v.) (1SS.5); L'iruvrc ( IS8ti) ; L'amiom- moir (1887); Lu lene (q.v.) (1887); Le rfve (q.v.) (1888); La bete hiimaine ( 18!K)) ; L'ar- gent (1891); La dfbaele (q.v.) {1892); und Lc doctuir I'lisciil (1893). ROUHER, xWi't', EUGEN-E (1814-84). A l'"rench statesman, born at Kinni. in the Deiiart- nient of Puy-de-Ddme. lie first distinguislicd himself as an advocate in his native town, where he practiced up to 1818. In that year he was elected to the Constituent Assembly, and in IS4!I he was returneil to the Legislative .ssembly. On the break-up of the first Ministry of Liniis Na- ]ioleon, toward the enil of 1849, Koiiher was ap- ]iointed Minister of .lustice in the new Ministry, and with slight interrujitions he was a ineinlier of the Covernment, chielly as Minister of State, up to 1H70. In the negotiation of the treaty of commerce with ICngland in 18(10. which conferred great advantages upon both coun- tries. Kouher represented France and Cobden England. In 1803 he negotiated a treaty of com- merce between France and Italy. Through these treaties, and others with Belgium and (iermany, Rouher was active in furthering the cause of free trade. In July, 18fi9, his Ministry resigned. C)n the downfall of the iMiipire in 1870 he tied to England, but soon returned to 1*^ ranee and in 1872 was elected a member of the National Assembly from Corsica. ROULERS, roS'lA', or ROUSSELAERE, rou'sc-liir. town of the Province of West Flanders, Belgium, on the MandellH-ke, a tribu- tary of the l.vs, 14 miles northwest of Courlrai (jiap: Belgium, B 4). The Church of Saint IMichael has a beautiful (Jothic tower. Roulers has long been famous for its linen industry. There is an immense output of linen, lace, silk, ribbons, and cotton. In 1794 the Aushians under Clerfait were defeated here in a fierce battle by the French under Pichegru and JIacdonald. Pop- ulation, in 1900, 23,231. ROULETTE. A game of chance, usually as- sociated with jiublic gambling. The wager is ns to which hole out of 38 in the eircuniferenee of a sunken circle on a table a small ivory ball will fall into. The centre of the bed of the machine is set in motion by turning, with the forefinger. the cross which surmounts it, from right to left, causing a rotary motion. .i the same instant a little ivory ball is thrown into the I'oncnvity of the wheel in a direction opposite to its motion. The ball (lies about erratically at first, but grndu- ally slows down and ultimately falls into one of the cavities. A few seconds before it stojis the banker has the privilege of warning the specta tors that it is too near its final selection (or any more bets to be made.