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* BOSMINI-SEKBATI. 300 BOSS. Piedmontese llinistiy. With the lisiiif,' inllucnce of Cardinal Antonclli, Rosmini lost the favor of the Tope. His vrork on Church re- form, called The Five ^younds of the Church (1848), aud his tract The Constitution Accord- iiiff to Social Justice (1848), were put ujjou the Index. His works (which are published in 35 volumes) aroused much discussion. They have been translated into English by Thomas David- son (London, 1882) with copious notes, full bib- liogiaphy, and a well-written Life. "Objective idealism', subjective realism, and absolute moral- ism" is the description Mr. Davidson gives of the Rosminian doctrine. Rosmini's definition of morality as action controlled by absolute truth is the basis of his ethical teaching. His system of philosophy partakes somewhat of Kantianism. In psychology Rosmini was an ontologist: Every- thing is known in the idea of not actual but pos- sible being, which is inborn ; only the determina- tive details of knowledge are drawn from the senses. At the time of his condemnation by the Congregation of the Index in 1849, Rosmini at once submitted and retired to Stresa, on Lake ilaggiore, and there he died. He was a man of exalted personal character. His industry was very great. At the time of his death he had already published thirty octavo volumes on abstruse philosophical and theo- logical subjects and sixt}' volumes remain in manuscri|)t. Besides the philosophical-theological works of Rosmini there are in English The Rul- ing Principle of Method Applied to Education (Boston, 1887), and Maxims of Christian Perfec- tion (London, 1889). Consult: Stokl, Geschichte der vcucrn Philosophic (Mainz, 188.3) ; Werner._ Die italienische Philosophie des lOteii Jahrhun- derts (Vienna. 1884) ; Lockhart, Life of Rosmini ( London, 1 892 ) : Paoli, Delia vita di Antonio Ros- mini-Serbati (Turin, 1880-84). ROSNY,. ro'ne', Baron de. Minister of Henry ]'. cif Fiance. See Sully. ROSN Y, .Joseph Henry ( 1856— ) . A French novelist. He was born in Paris and early be- name a member of the Naturalistic School. His first novel, published in 1885, after some time spent in London, was Xell Horn, a story of the Salvation Army. In it he struck the note he afterwards sounded more strongly, a simple rep- resentation of theorists and social reformers, especially those in the middle or lower chisses. Possibl.y his masterpiece is Le hilateral (1880), with its theme of French socialism in the early 80's, and a style of treatment approaching Zola. In 1887, with four others, he attacked the gross realism of Zola's La Terre and allied himself with the Goncourts. Beginning in 1891 he collabo- rated with his brother, Justin. His later titles are: L'immolation (1887), a story of life in the country; La termite, on literary life in Paris (1890); Daniel Valgraive (1891); L'imperieuse honte, dealing with Parisian charity (1894); L'indomple ( 1894), a powerful tale of a girl who studied medicine in Paris: Le serment (1896; dramatized 1897) ; Les ames perdues. on modern anarchism (1899); and L'heritage (1902). In these contemporary novels, as well as in the "pre- historic" Vamireh (1892), Rosny's characters are real and striking, without being minutely ana- lyzed. KOSNY, Lto>- Louis Ltjcien de (1837 — ). A French Orientalist. He was born at Loos, studied in Paris at L'Ecole des Langues Orientales, was ap|ioiiitcd professor of Japanese at the Bibli- othftquc Iniperiale, and in 1863 interpreter to llie Japanese ambassadors at Paris, whom he accom- panied to Holland, England, and Russia. He was appointed to the newly created chair of Jap- anese in his alma mater in 1868, in 1884 was decorated with the Legion of Honor, aud in 1886 was nominated assistant in L'Ecole des Hautes Etudes. Among his numerous pamph- lets, text books, and original works, some of the more important are : Introduction u Vitude dc 1(1 langue japonaise (1856) ; Les ecritures fig- uratives el hiiroglyphiques des diffcrcnts pcuples aneiens et modernes (1860); Etudes asiatiques de gcographie et d'histoire (1864); De I'origine du'langage (1869); Exti-aits des historiens dib Japon (1874-75) ; Les pcuples orientaux eonnus des aneiens Chinois (1882); Vocahulaire de Vecriture hiiratigue yucatcque (1883) ; Le livre sacri et canonigue de I'antiguite japonaise (1885);' Le pays de dix mille lacs, voyage en Finlande (1886); Taureaux et mantilles: Sou- venirs d'un voyage en Espagne et en Portugal (1889) ; Le Taoisme (1892). KOSOLIC ACID (from rose), Ca>H,s03. _ A red crystalline substance, melting above 270° C. It is insoluble in water, but dissolves in alkalies and in alcohol. Its alkaline solutions are colored red, while its alcoholic solutions have an orange-yellow color. It may be obtained by heating a mixture of carbolic acid and cresol with sulphuric acid and arsenic. Owing to the difficulty of fixing it, it is not much used as a dye. Chemically, rosolic acid is closely allied to aurin (q.v. ), and its constitution is represented by the following formula : /CeH.OH OH.CeHs.C •C.H, = ROSPIGLIOSI, ro'spe-lyo'ze, Pal.zzo. A palace in Rome, built by the Cardinal Scipione Borghese in 1603 on the ruins of the Baths of Constantine, and afterwards the residence of the Rospigliosi family. It contains a number of art treasures, and is specially celebrated for Guido Reni's ceiling-painting "Aurora" (q.v.). ROSS, Alexander (1699-1784). A Scottish poet. He was educated at Marischal College, Aberdeen ; acted as tutor and school teacher in several places, and in 1732 settled as school- master at Lochlee, in Angus, where he remained until his death. He was all his life a writer of verses, but his only publication was The Fortu- nate Shepherdess, a Pastoral Talc in the Scottish Dialect (1768). which has a humorous preface by Dr. James Beattie, and contains several songs still popular in Scotland. Consult the edition under the title Belenore, by J. Longmuir (1866). ROSS, Alexander (1742-1827). A British general, born in Scotland. He entered the army as ensign in 1760; sened in Germany in the Seven Years' War, and attained the rank of cap- tain in 1775 and that of major in 1780. He served through the American war as aid-de-camp of Lord Cornwallis and was the commissioner ap- pointed by Cornwallis to arrange his surrender at Yorktown in 1781. In 1783 he became deputy adjutant-general in Scotland, served throughout the campaign of Cornwallis against Tipu Sahib in India, fighting in every battle, was promoted