Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/321

* KOSE. 291 ROSE. corymbs, are generally 'rospcolorod.' In its natural state and in 'single' garden vari- eties the rose has five petals. The species, of which there are about 180, or accord- ing to some botanists only 30 or 40, are in some cases not well distinguished from varieties. Roses are natives of all the temperate parts of the Northern Hemisphere and thrive even in some of the colder regions. They have long been among the chief favorites in tlower gardens. Countless single and double flowered varieties have been produced by cultivation by cross- ing and variation. These may be divided into two large classes, summer roses, or those bloom- injr but once each year, usually in early sum- mer, and perpetual or autunmal roses,' which bloom more than once during the same season, many of them producing flowers continuously from early summer until late in the fall. The summer roses include the Provence, damask and French, alba, Ayrshire, brier, multi- flora, evergreen, and pompon garden groups. The Provence group consists of large-flowered varie- ties with a branching or pendulous growth and wrinkled leaf, and includes the moss, pompon, and sulphurea forms. The damask and French group presents firm and robust growing plants producing large flowers and downy leaves. This group includes the hybrid French, hybrid Pro- vence, hybrid Bourbon, and hybrid Cliina roses. The varieties of the alba group are large-flowered, have a free growth, and are spineless. The leaf is characterized by a whitish upper surface. The other groups of sunuuer roses have small-flowered double or single blossoms. The Ayrshires are climbing varieties producing their flowers singly. The briers generally have a short-jointed growth and include the Austrian, iScotch, sweet, and Penzance briers, and the prairie and the Alpine roses. The multiflora group has a climbing growth and produces its flowers in clusters. This group includes some of the polyantha varieties. The evergreen group, including the sempervirens, Wichuraiana, Cherokee, and Banksian roses, is distinguished by its more or less shiny and per- sistent foliage. The pompons, as the name indi- cates, are of a dwarf growth. In the summer and autumn flowering class the large-flowered groups comprise the hybrid perpet- ual, hybrid tea, moss, Bourbon, Bourbon perpet- ual, and China roses. All except the China group, which includes the tea and Lawrenceana varieties, have rough foliage. The small-flowered groups in this class include the musk. Ayrshire, polyantha, perpetual brier, and evergreen roses. The musk rose group, to which the noisettes be- long, and the Ayrshire and polyantha grouus have deciduous foliage and climbing habit. The per- petual briers, including the rugosa, lucida, micro- phylla, berberidjfolia, and Scotch roses, are dwarf and bushy. The evergreen group in this class comprises the Macartney and Wichuraiana forms, in which the foliage is more or less per- sistent. The rose succeeds in warm, sunny, pro- tected spots in most soils, but a friable, well- manured deep soil with a permeable subsoil is best adapted to the production of vigorous plants. Hybrid perpetuals prefer a strong, rich clay or loam, while tea roses are often grown in gravelly and sandy soil. Good drainage is always neces- sary. Roses are propagated from seeds, buds, lavers, cuttings, and grafts. Xew varieties are grown from seeds. "I'he most common inetliod of propagation is by cuttings from nearly niature shoots which are started in sand under glnsH with low bottom heat. in budding the cultivated varieties are budded on manetti and nniltilloru stocks which are specially grown for thin pur- pose in Kurope. For grafting the stock used is Rosa Watsoniana, a .lapuniM* species. Pruning in rose culture is jiracticed for the purpose of removing the dead wood, giving the plant a symmetrical form, and encouraging the develop- ment of flower buds. Rose-growing under glass has become a very important industry. The three-quarter span rose house extending from east to west with the long span to the south is most in tise. . moderately stirt' loam taken from an old pasture, well rotted and |)ulvcrized. and mixed with about one-fourth its bulk of well-decomposed cow manure, makes a good soil for in<loor rose culture. The benches should be four inches deep and well drained. The plants are generally kept in position by being tied to supports. The surface of the -soil is very lightly stirreil to kill all sprouting weed and grass seeds. Sometimes a light mulch of three or four parts of well-rotted cow manure and one part of soil is applied in .ugust and again in January. During hot weather the temperature of the house is lowered by syringing several tinu's a day and by the use of the ventilating arrange- ments. Ventilation is very beneficial and should be given whenever tlie weather permits. Propa- gation by cuttings is readily accomplished in rose houses because the ctmditions are all under con- trol. Various varieties seem to reqtiire slightly different treatment, especially with respect to temperature. Such diiferences make necessary the separation of certain varieties. More than 100,000,000 cut roses are sold annually in the United States. The influence of climate on rose culture is ap- parently greater than the influence of soil. A mild siumy climate is most favorable. The pleas- ant climatic conditions of Cannes and the Riviera in Eurojie and of southern California have made rose culture in those regions famous. In landscape gardening the rose has a narrow range of application, since few species and SWAMP B08B (Itosa Carolina). varieties retain their foliage well enough to be valuable in picture comiiosition. The free-grow- ing unsupported busby forms are. however, often trained as pillars and the climbing sorts over