Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/319

* ROSARY. 289 ROSCHER. appears quite certain that the practice existed among Christians before the time of Alohanimcd. Originally, the prayer so repeated was the Lord's Prayer; but when, in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, the angelical salutation, •llail ilary!'' etc., became a frequent form of prayer, it was added to "Our Father"; and it seems beyond all doubt that the rosary in its present form was, if not devised, at least fully intro- duced and propagated by Saint l^mninic. The repe- tition of these short and simple prayers is sup- posed to be accompanied by meditation on spe- citie mysteries of the Christian faith, of vhich fifteen are named, though only five are us>ially taken up at one time. When recited publicly, the prayers are repeated alternately by the priest or other person presiding at prayer "and by tlic congregation. The first Sunday in October is observed as the Feast of the Most Holy Rosary. The mechanical instrument, so to speak, of this devotion is also called by the name rosary. It consists of a string of beads, equal in number to the "Our Fathers" and "Hail, Marys'" which are recited in the rosary — the "Our Father" beads being of a larger size — one of which is passed through the fingers at each recitation of the prayer, and thvis secui'es the person praying from errors of memory. The beads are blessed for the use of the people by the Pope, by bishops and superiors of religious Orders, and by others having special power for the purpose. ROSAS, ro'sas, Juan Manuel (1793-1877). Dictator of the Ai-gentine Confederation. He was born at Buenos Ayres and grew up among the gauchos on his father's estates. He entered the army, identified himself with the Federalist Party, and in 1829 rose to be Governor or Captain- General of his native State, then in federal union with Entre Rios, Corrientes, and Santa Ff. The predominant position which Buenos Ayres occu- pied among the Argentine States made Rosas the virtual head of the confederation. In 1832 he re- signed, in order to eondurt the war against the Indians, and was succeeded by Balcarce, who after three years was deposed. In 183.5 Rosas caused himself to be invested with extraordinary powers in Buenos Ayres. and made himself dictator of the Argentine Confederation. He car- ried on relentless war against the chiefs of the party of the Unitarios, who favored a strongly centialized government, and against them, as well as all who opposed him, he did not hesitate to employ the weapons of torture and assassination. His sanguinary measures, however, gave the coiuitry peace, and with peace it attained to a fair degree of prosperity. The other States be- came jealous of the growth and power of Buenos Ayres, and Rosas was justly accused of a design to extend and uphold the undue predominance of his State, and to give his native city a monopoly of the trade of the river Plata. To extend his influence over Uruguay, which was a hotbed of opposition to him. he took up arms in behalf of Oribe (q.v. ), and besieged Montevideo for a long period (1842-51). England and France inter- fered and in 1845 captured the Argentine fleet; .vet Rosas succeeded in 1849 in obtaining terms of peace which were favorable to him. Finally ITrquiza, Ciovernor of Entre Rios, made war on Rosas and with the aid of the forces of Corri- entes, Brazil, and Uruguay marched against him. A battle ensued at Monte-Caseros. February ."J. 1S52, in which Ho^,a>".s forces were put to lliglit, Rosas lied to England, where he died, ROSCELrNUS. ROUSSELIN, roos'lAN', or RUCELIN, .Ii;an i ,.Io.,ii r ) . A French philos- opher, the virtual founder of Noniinalisni. It is probable that he was horn in llritlanv. and was educated at Soissons and Hheinis, He entered the Church and became canon nt Conlpi^f;ne, where he enunciated the doctrine that ubstrnels and universals are nonexistent, being mere ternit or names, Eric of .u.erre had liehl the .same view three eenturii's before, and .Marlianus Capella in the fifth century practically fore- stalled Roscelinus, who, applying his theory to the Trinity, arrived at a tritheistic eoniVpt, In 1092 he was tried at Soissons and fiireinl to recant after a discussion with Anselni. whom he had claimed as an ally. He liveil for soma time in England, then returned to France, be- came th(' teacher of .Vbehird, and charged hin impil with heresy when he not only failed to support his teacher's position in regard to the Trinity, lait declared strongly for the orthodox views. Considt Picavet, Itoscclin. philosophv rt IhciiliKiirn ( Paris, 1891)). ROSCHER, rO'sher. Wilhelm (1817-94). A German economist, founder of the historical method in political economy. He was born im Hanover, studied in (JiJttingen and Berlin, be- came professor in the former university in 1843, and in 1848 was called to a chair in I.*ipzig, His magnum opus was a Si/stciii dcr 'olh:iuirl- xchuft in live volumes (18.')4-94), of which the first, which went through twenty-one editions during Roscher's life, was translate<l into Eng- lish by Lalor (1878) under the title I'rinriplea of Polilical Ecoitomij. The second deals with agriculture and forestry; the third with trade and connnerce; the fourth with finance : ami the fifth with charities. This great systematic treatise was supplemented by the (Icschiclilr dcr X^tio)wlol<^otlonlik in Deutsrhlnnd (1874) and by the monograph Zur Gesriiichlv der cnglischen Volksuirtsehiifixlehre (1851-52), Roscher's other writings include: Ueber Kornhandcl und Ti'ur- tinr/spolitik (3d, ed, 1852) ; Kolonicn. Koloniul- politik und Auswanderuny (3d ed. 1885) ; An- sichten dcr ^'olksu^irtsch^ft aus dcni gcschichl- lichen Slumlpunkt (3d ed. 1878) ;" I'olilik (1892) ; and, posthumously published, (leistliclie (fedanken eines NationiiWconomcn (18!H). ROSCHER, Wii.iiKLM IlEiNRiCH (1845—). A Cierman classical mythologist, son of the econo- mist Wilhelm Roschcr. He was born in Oiit- tingen, studied there and at Leipzig, and taught in the gynuiiisium at Wurzen, where he became rec- tor in 1894, He traveled widely and bci-anie one of the foremost authorities on (ireek and Konian mythology, winning especial notice by his treat- ment of " myths of natural forces. He wrote : Studien zur verglcichendcn Mglhologic dcr Oriechen und Romcr (Apollon und Mars. 1873. and Juno und IJrra, 1875 > ; Ort.v ynlurgcfiihl dcr Gricchcn und liiimcr (1875) ; llcnncx dcr Wind- gall (1878); Die (lorgoncn (1879): Sfclmc und Verwandteit (1890 and 1895); and Kphinllcs (1900), Even more important is the Auxfiihr- liclics Lcxikon dcr grircliischcn und rtiminchcn Mglliologie (1884 et .sc(|.) under his editorial charge.