Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/309

* ROOSEVELT. 281 ROOT. bcr of the ITiiilod States Civil Service Commis- sion, being apjiointed by President Harrison and retained by President Cleveland. In tbe latter year he became president of tlie Police Board in New York City and served for two years, attain- ing wide prominence by the energetic methotls emploved by him to eradicate evils existing in the system. President McKinley called him to anthorized. and the eunnrotion of the Philippinp Islands with the liiiled Slates was aeeumplished by mean.s of a submarine cable. .Ml (his was a her- itage of the McKinley adniiMislration. Legisla- tion identilh-d more distinctively with IUHJ^evelt bimself dealt with the revisjim" of the ci>iitilry'H financial system, the increase of thi' navy as the best menns of preserving peaceful relation, he- tional service in 1807, as Assistant Secretary tween tHis and other powers, ami the establish of the Xavy, and as such his work was of signal value in hurrying the navy to readiness for the war with Spain. In his desire for field service in the war he resigned from the department in April, 1S',)S. and was active in organizing the First L'nited States Volunteer Cavalry, popularly known as 'Roosevelt's Rough Riders.' lie was lirst lieutenant-colonel and afterward colonel, be- ment of a permanent Census Bureau and of a Department of Commerce and Lalxu-, whose Sec- retary is a nu'mber of the Cabinet. Of the per- sonal side of his administration two instaneex are sulliciently charaeteristie — his aition in the antliracile coal strike of 1!I02 and his treatment of the negro question. His calling together of representatives of both parties in the anthracite ing promoted for gallantry in the action at Las trouble and causing them to agree to the appoint fiuasimas, Cuba. mcnt of an arbitration commission was an net hen his command was mustered out of the without precedent in the history of his olTice military service in the summer of 1898, Colonel and was performed in the public "behalf, to rein- Roosevelt returned to private life just in time to edy a 'national evil.' The appointment of a begin an active itinerant campaign as the Repub- lican nominee for Governor of New York, which resulted in his election over Augustus Van Wyck. the Democratic candidate, by a plurality of 18,079. His first important act as Governor was to investigate the State canal svstem. concerning negro. Dr. Crum, to be collector of the port of Charleston, S. C, and the selection of jiegroes for some minor offices aroused indignant protest from file South and oflicr parts of the eonntry, despite which the President preserved a steadfast position — that in the question of fitness for an which there had been much talk of fraud in the office color did not have n part. During his ad- preceding administration. The agitation of this question continued throughout his term, the net result being the appropriation by an unsympa- thetic Legislature of .$200,000 for a new survey and an accurate estimate of the proposed im- provements. Other conspicuous acts of the Gov- ernor were in connection with the enactment of the Ford Franchise Law. providing for the tax- ation of corporation franchises, whereby he in- curred the enmity of some of the largest corpo- rate interests ; the extension of the civil service system to include many offices hitherto under the control of political influence ; and the passage of the Davis Law fixing the minimum annual salary of school-teachers at $000. and provid- ing for proportionate advances for length of service. With the approach of the State and national conventions of 1900, the position of Gov- ernor Roosevelt in the Republican ])arty grew both intei'esting and involved. He had become a leading personality in the party, although hostile to some sections of it and dangerous to others, and was known to be ambitious. Against his expressed desire for a second term as Governor, in which to complete the reforms barely begun, he was nomi- nated for Vice-President on the ticket with Presi- dent JIcKinley, and was elected in November of the same year. On September 14, 1901, at the death of McKinlev, Roosevelt became his successor. ministration President Roosevelt Avas the most active and conspicuous figure in American public life. To his feailessness of action and speech, and Ins independence of counsel, as shown by many of his official appointments, may be ascribed the continuous a])prchensiMn with which the leaders of his party viewed him. but for these same qualities the generality of the people gave him unstinted praise. In addition to his political prominence Mr. Roosevelt is the author of the following works: The Nnral War of 1S1.> (1882) ; Life of Thomas Hart Benton (1887) and Life of (Sourcrncur Mor- ris (18SS) in the ".-merican Statesmen" series; Ranch Life and llunliiiij Trail (1SS8) ; llixloriiof yew York Citt/ (1891)', in the "Historic Towns" series: The Winning of the West (4 vols., 1889- 96); Essays on Practical Politics (1892); The Wilderness Hunter (1893); American Political Ideals (1897) ; The UoiKjh Riders (1899) ; Life of Olirer Cromn-ell (1900) : The Strenuous Life (1900); and, in collaboration with others. The Deer (1902). ROOT (AS., Icel. rot, root; connected with Lat. radix, Gk. filfa, rhiza, Goth, iraiirls. OIIG. u-urz, Ger. War:. AS. wi/rl. Eng. irorl ) . The underground part of vascular plants (pteriilo- phytcs and spcrmatopliytes) which serves as an anchor in the soil and as an organ for absorbing Shrewd political commentators had construed the water. Among the lower plants there are certain nomination of Roosevelt for Vice-President as an intrigue of party leaders to insure his political extinction in that inconspicuous ofl!ice. If such a plan existed, chance frustrated it by the death of President Mclvinley. President Roosevelt conducted his administra- tion as a continuation of !McIvinley's, of whose principles he was the avowed conservator. The plans for trust and tariff legislation were ad- hered to, particularly in reference to reciprocity treaties with other countries. The Philijipine policy was maintained and a partially aufono organs of attachment (rhizoids) which, though structurally unlike roots, ma.v serve as such. Roots are variously classified. In duration they are annual, biennial, or perennial; in form they are fibrous or fleshy, and in origin they are |iri- niarv or secondary. Primary roots, which are usually single, and if persistent are called tnp- roots, originate from the embryo: secondary roots arise later from the shoot. .s to structure and function roots are classified as follows: Soil roots are related to a soil medium and differ therebv from others; water roots are constructeil mous government was provided for the islands, for a water medium and may he developed by Also, the construction of au Isthmian canal was growing a terrestrial jilant, for instance, a hya-