Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/305

* RONCAGLIA. 2' EONCAGLIA, ron-kU'lyi. A village in the ProviiKo of riacenza, Italy, noted for the diets and icviews which the lloly Roman emperors frequently held here, on the Roncaglian Fields, ■when they descended from Germany into Italy. In llJS Frederick Barbarossa held a diet here which determined that the cities did not possess the right to elect their own oliicers, and in other respects were subject to the Emperor. The result was a rebellion of the Lombard towns. See LoM- BAKD League. BONCESVALLES, ,S'/>. pron. ron'thes-viU'yis ( Fr. Iitiiicriiiu.c), a pass in the Pyrenees between Faniplona and Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port. Here the rear guard of Charlemagne's army was de- feated in 778. See Roland, The Song of. BONDA, ron'da. A town of Southern Spain, in the Piovince of Jlalaga, situated 42 miles north of Gibraltar, on the railroad between that place and Granada (Jlap: Spain, C 4). It is very picturesquely located among lofty mountains, and the town is divided by a gorge 300 feet wide and nearly 600 feet deep, with precipitous rocky sides, at the bottom of which rushes the Guada- levin River. The gorge is crossed by three bridges, one said to date from Roman times, one built by the Moors, and the third built in the eighteenth centurj'. The town itself is sur- rounded by olive groves and vineyards, and has a delightful climate. It is a very old town, with well-preserved remains of Moorish walls and towers, and many Moorish buildings. It has a Pla-a de Toros. The chief industries are flour- milling and wine production. Population, in 18S7. 18.350: in 1900, 20.822. EONDEATJ, rSN'do' (Fr. rondeau, from OF. rondel, round plate, cake, scroll, diminutive of rond, round, from Lat. rotundus, round, wheel- shaped, from rotii, wheel). A French form of versification often imitated in other countries. The rondeau consists of thirteen verses, eight on one rhyme, five on another, separated by a pause at the fifth verse and by another at the eighth. The first word or words are repeated after the eighth and the thirteenth verses. The rondeau redouble or doubled rondeau is a poem of twenty verses in five quatrains. The four verses of the first quatrain made successively the last verse of the other four quatrains. Sometimes a sixth quatrain, called the envoi, is added, after which the first word on the first half-verse of the poem is repeated. The rondeau was a fa- vorite form of Adam de la Halle (q.v. ) and of Guilhiume de Machault (q.v.) and was cultivated by many other poets. Nowadays it is seldom employed in France or elsewhere. In England the rondeau was skillfully revived by poets like Rossetti and Swinburne, Austin Dobson, and An- drew Lang. It had been used as early as Chau- cer (c. 1340-1400). and later by Hocclcve (c. 1.370- c.14.50), by Lydgate (c.l370-c.l4.5n . by Charles of Orleans" both in his French and English poems (but with fourteen lines), and by others. What is kno«-n as the rondeau of Villon has only ten lines. Consult Gleeson White, Ballades and Ron- deaus (London. 1887). For the musical form of similar name, see Rondo. RONDO fit., from Fr. rondeau, roiindel). One of -tile oldest and most generally used of the musical forms, characterised by the constant re- currence of one principal theme. The oldest ron- < RONSARD. dos of the sixteenth century consisted of n plain theme of four bars, which was followed by a few bars of interlude, when the original tlicmo was repeated. Soon the tlicnic it.sclf was length- ened to eight or si.tcen bar.s, and tlio interlude avoided (he i)rincipal key. Then the inli'rnieilintc passage appeared as a fully developed second theme in a related key. The "fundaiiiental idea o( the rondo as estaldislied by lieelliovon is (ilenuling the three themes by A, B, C respectively) : ., S (in key of dominant), A, C, A, H (in key of tonic), coda. On its second and third recurrence A appears in dillerent keys. Also, in order to avoid monotony, Beethoven docs not repeal lit- erally. When only two themes arc employed the following may be given as the fundamental schedule: A, B. A (in key of B), B (in key of A), A. Inder later composers (notably Cliopin) the rondo form becomes even more clastic. RONGE, r.'.n'gc, ,Ioiiann-i:.s (1813-87). The jninciiKil founder of the tJerman Catholics (q.v.). He was l)orn at Bischofswalde, Silesia, was edu- cated at Breslau, entered the Roman Catholic ])riesthood, and was settled at Grottkau when he published criticisms of the relation between Rome and the Breslau Cathedral chapter, and was suspended in consequence (1843). He then went to Laurahiitte in Upper Silesia as a teacher, and while there the exhibition of the Holy Coat (q.v.) at Treves so stirred his ire that he de- nounced it in print (1844), and was excom- municated. The agitation occasioned by his action led to the founding of the German Calh(dic Churcli. and lie became pastor of the German Catholic Churcli at Breslau in 1845. Ronge took part in the political struggles of 1848 and was prominent as a democratic leader. From IS49 to ISCl he was a fugitive in consequence of his political activities. When permitted to return he went to Breslau. and in 18G3 to Frankfort, and endeavored to revive the waning German Cathol- icism. In 1873 he removed to Darmstadt, and there edited a paper in promotion of his plans. He died in Vienna, October 20, 1887. Consult The Autobiograpluj and Justification of J. Range, Translated from t)ic Fifth German Edition (Lon- don. IStlM. BONGER, loN'zlia', Fi.oniMOND. The real name of the French musical composer commonly known as Herv6 (q.v.). BONGS. A Tibetan people. Sec Lepchas. BONSAED, roN'siir'. Pterre de ( 1.'524-85). A French poet and literary reformer. Ronsard was born at the Chilteau de la PoissonniJre (Vcn- doniois), of a noble family, which may have come from Hungary in the reign of Philip VI., though recently discovered documents suggest rather a Flemish origin and a less ancient no- bility. At the age of nine he was sent to the Col- lege of Navarre, but he left it after six months. "without profit." he said. Then his father took him to Avignon, where he remained a little while as a page in princely service. In 1.^40 he ac- companied Lazare de Balf on his embassy to Speyer and Gnillaume de Langey (du Bellay). the" Viceroy of Piedmont, to Turin. In 1542 he returned to France, apparently destinod to a brilliant diplomatic or military career; but growing deafness checked his ambition in that direction, and he turned to study and to literature. His first studies were shared with