Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/271

* ROMANESQUE ART. 24 It was in Burguudy, liowovcr, that the tunnel- vaulted, three-aisled ba:-ilioa was most liighly de- veloped liy the nionastie orders of t'luny and Ci- teaux'; and the spread of these orders popularized tliroughout Eurojje the building methods eurrent in BurgTindy. The primitive form of tliis style is given in the great Church of Saint Philiberl at Tournus, remarkable for its unique series of tunnel-vaults, built transversely over the nave. Of equal importance was Saint Benoit-sur-Loire, another monastic churcli of impressive simplicity and size, and finally the most colossal cluircli of niedia'val Christianity, the Abbey at Cluny (long since demolished), on which all the wealth of per- fected Romanesque style was lavished, and wliose inlluence extended over the whole province. The abbey Cliurcli of Vezelay is the most perfect re- maining example of this inlluence. Autun is a masterpiece of another sort showing classic traits. Omitting some secondary schools of iliddle France, there remain three principal northern schools. Champagne. Ile-de-Franee, and Nor- jnandy. These difl'ered from the more southern schools in their long retention of the wooden roof to cover even their largest structures. The two great churches at Caen, the Abbaye aux Hommes and Abbaye aux Dames, which were the pre- cursors of the early C4othic cathedrals, were at first wooden-roofed (c.1150). their groined vaults being of later date. The Norman scheme of facade, with its two high Hanking towers, and the Norman sj-stem of groined vaulting, was adopted in the lle-de-France (as at Saint Denis) and then passed into the early Gothic architec- ture. To recapitulate, there is in the French Romanesque a remarkaljle variety of methods and of vaulting, of plan, of lighting, and of external and internal decoration. The monasteries and their churches were tiien of far greater im- portance than the cathedrals, and therefore such accessory buildings as cloisters (q.v. ) and chap- ter-houses (q.v. ) form important classes. Porches (q.v.) and towers (q.v.) on the church facades were also of varied design. Gekmaxy. To the political leadership of the German emperors of the tentli and eleventh cen- turies — the Othos and Henrys — corresponds an earlier .and larger architectural activity than elsewhere in Europe. The great cathedrals of Worms, ilainz, Speyer, and Bonn show how the bishops surpassed the monasteries at a time when in France the monasteries were supreme and the cathedrals insignificant. At the same time, the wealth of monastic buildings was increased in the twelfth century by the advent of the Cis- tercian monks, who were great Ijuilders. The three earliest schools were the Rhenish, the Sax- on, and the Bavarian-Swabian : while there were secondary ofTshoots in ^Yestphalia. Hesse, the Main region, and in Alsace. While buildings were planned on a large scale, there was no at- tempt at solving the vaulting problem. Not a cliurch was vaulted during the eleventh century, and during the twelfth few outside of the Rhen- ish school. The great Rhenish cathedrals as they now stand were mostly planned for wooden roofs and vaulted at a later date. First Speyer (c.llOO). then ifainz (c.112.5) were covered with square groin-vaults, the only kind that became popular in Germany, and these were followed by the great Abbey of Laach. with its oblong groin- vaults. There is. therefore, less dilTerence be- tween the early Christian basilicas and the Ro- ~ ROMANESQUE ART. manesque ciuirches in Germany llian in Frnnce. Some of the earliest oxiiniple.s' are tit Gernrode. (Juedlinburg. Reicheiiau, Itegeiisbiirg (Saiikt Kin- ineran). Illldesheiiii (.Saiikt .Mi.liael). CoU.^jne had the largest number of iiiipDrlaiil ehiirclies — such as Saint Paiitalcoii. Santa .Maria in Capi- tolio, the Apostles, Saiikt Martin— and most of llicm are vaulted. Their immense centinl domes, with large semi-domes opening out as aps<'s on three sides, give their interiors greater unity uiiil grandeur than any other tyjio in (iermaiiy." Ger- man cliurches have many peciiliarilies not seen elsewhere; for example, "dnuble choirs and trun- septs, one at each end. are qiille coiiinion (cathe- drals of Worms and Mainz. .bl)ey of l.aaeli. etc.). So also is the alternation of toluiiiii> mid piers between nave and aisle, e.g. Gernroile and Sunkt tlodehard, Hildesheim. Round or octagonal low- ers are grouped arouiul choirs and transepts in a way that greatly adds to the richness ami sym- metry of the exterior, liesidc the larger towers at the facade and over the intersection. No other country has so symmetrical a composition of ex- teriors. This is carried to great perfection in the Cathedral of Bonn. On the other hand, the in- teriors are bare and heavy, and there is no wealth of decorative and figured sculpture such as we find in France. Columnar basilicas were built, as at Limburg and Hcrsfeld, where was the most important, Hirsau. and many other places. But the pier-liasilica was the commoner type. The great similarity to the Lombard churches in the exterior decoration of lines of false arcades and small open galleries proves that there was a close contact between these schools and the Rhen- ish, though the German is superior in lieauty and picturesqueness. Besides the churches and monasteries there is a group of civil structures, the like of which was unknown in the rest of Europe; namely, the Imperial and royal pal- aces. Starting with the type developed by Charlemagne at Aix-Ia-Chapelle. there follow the palace of Heniy III. at Goslar. that of Henry the Lion at Brunswick, and that of Louis IH. of Thuringia at the Wartburg. best known of all. ExGL.ND. The extant architecture of Chris- tian England antedating the Norman Conquest is very scanty. It is called Anglo-Saxon, because developed under the Saxon rulers between the seventh and eleventh centuries. The great majority of both religious ami civil buililings were of wood. Even the stone cathedrals of later date (tenth to eleventh century) were small and were rebuilt by the Normans shortly after the Conquest. The workmanship was primitive, the details poor, ns in the case of the Tower at Earl's Barton, where the colonnettes are like turned work, and the corner quoiiiing suggests hands of metal (Deer- hurst. Sompting. etc'). The Norman style wa.s introduced from Normandy even before the Con- quest, under Edward the Confessor: but the ear- lier Norman work, befoie 112."). was poor, with wide-jointed masonry and details executed' with the axe. The chapel of the London Tower, the crypts and the transepts of Winchester Cathe- dral, and parts of Gloucester, Durham. Canter- iniry. and Norwich cathedrals show the primitive style, which was inferior to that in Normandy itself. About 1120 was begun a series of superb Norman structures, and by I20n the main por- tions of Elv. Durham. Peterborough. Norwich. Rochester, Gloucester. Saint Albans. Carlisle. nn<l other cathedrals were built, ns well as a great