Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/27

REMAINDER. after the otlicr. until-llie entire fee simple lias been disposed of, as. for example, after a present, or "particular,' estate to A f<jr life, remainder to U for life, remainder to C for life, remainder to D in fee tail, leaving still a fee simple to be given to E as a final remainder, or to come back to the grantor as a reversion. A remainder thus given to an ascertained person, ready to go into effect upon the determination of the precedent estate, is said to be rested. If given to an unborn or unascertained person, or upon a furtlu-r contingency (as, when B shall return from abroad), it is a contingent remainder. Such a remainder was at common law scarcely of sufficient importance to be regarded as an estate at all. It was incapable of alienation to a stranger and was liable to be extinguished by the accidental or deliberate determination of the juecedent estate before the contingency had happened on which the remainder was to vest. But modern legislation has given the contingent remainder much of the definiteness and permanence of the vested remainder by freeing it from this dependence upon the precedent estate.

Though classified as a future estate, a remainder is conceived of as a present interest and as capable of being dealt with as such by the owner thereof. It may thus be alienated like any other property (though, being 'incorporeal.' it has always required a deed of grant to convey it ), and, being real property, it will, if a remainder in fee, descend to the heirs of the owner. Although efforts have been made in some of the United States to wipe out by legislation the distinction between remainders and other future estates, these have not completely succeeded, and the distinction is still of fundamental importance in this country as well as in England. See

Consult: Digby, History of the Laic of Real Property (O.xford, 187.5); Fearne. The Law of Remainders; Leake, Law of Property in Land (London, 1874); Blackstone and Kent, Commentaries.

REMAINDER THEOREM. An algebraic principle of great service in factoring. The theorem may be stated thus: If fix) is a rational integral algebraic function of i, then the remainder arising from dividing f{x) by j—o is /■(«). Since the dividend equals the product of the quotient and the divisor plus the remainder, we have f(x) ^=q(x—a) -f r, and if x ^ a. the equation becomes f(a):=r. Similarly the remainder arising from dividing fix) by x + a is f(—a). When the remainder is zero the division is exact, hence the divisor is a factor of the given function. E.g. x"—y'^ is divisible by x—y when n is odd. since the remainder (—y°—y^) =0. The rational binomial factors of functions above the second degree are readily determined by use of the remainder theorem and svnthetie division. E.g. to factor a'—f>a' +11»—6, it is only necessary to substitute, for a. factors of the absolute term—6. Using detached coefficients (see Coefficient), the division by a—1 may te performed thus: 1—0-1-11—6 1—.5 6 1—5-1- 6; Wlience the factors are (a— l)(a'or (a— 1) (a —2) (o— 3). 5a -f (5)

'''REMAK, ra'mak. ''' (1815-05). A distinvui^hed (ierinan physiologist and enibryologisi, born at I'osen. He studied at Berlin; in 1847 was privat-doeent at Berlin, and was elected professor extraordinary in 1859. Besides important work on the physiology of the nerves, he, with Kolliker, further elalMirated the germ-layer theory. His chief emliryological work was I'ntirsuchunqen iibcr die Kniwicldiing dcr W irbell ierc (18.il-.-j3;.

REMBRANDT, rem'brant. properly, hiir'nif-ns viin rin ( lOOU-OU). The chief master in painting and etching of the Dutoli school. The date of his Ijirtli is disputed, the mont probable conclusion being that he was born at Leyden, .(uly 1.'). 1000. His father, Harmen Geritsz van Rijn, a well-todo miller, sent him to a Lalin scbool, jireparalory to the university, but finally permitted him to follow his inclinations for |iainting. After studying with his relative, .laeob van Swancnburgh, at Ley<len, he was for ^ix months a pupil of Pieter Lastmann at Amstenlaiii. from whom he learned the technique of etching, and whose influence was decisive upon his art. He was a very precocious genius, and upon his return to Leyden he soon acquired a high reputation. About 1031 he removed to Amsterdam, where he speedily became the most fashionable portrait painter, and had many pupils. Among liis patrons were Frederick William, the Prince of Orange, and Burgomaster .Tan Six; the foremost men of the day, like the poet .Jeremiah Decker and Constantin Huygens. were his friends and associates. He bought a fine house in the Breedstraat, which he equipped with quaint costumes, weapons, and the like, and which contained his remarkable art collection, especially rich in old Netherlandish prints. He possessed paintings of Giorgione, Raphael, Jfichelangelo, and even antique sculptures.

A very important event in Rembrandt's life was his marriage in 1034 with Saskia Uylenburyh, a young lady of wealthy and inllliential Amsterdam family. Their happy married life was the inspiration of many of his best w<irks. .After her death in 1042, he drew back even more from the world, especially after his financial misfortunes, which censorious biograjihers have ascribed to dissipation and extravagance. But although it is true that he expendecl a large sum upon his art collection, his misfortunes are rather to be ascribed to the hard times then prevailing in Holland, and to the change in public taste. In 1057 his creditors sollI his wonderful collection, including several of his own paintings, for the pitiful sum of 5000 florins, and in 1058 his house for 11,000. But Titus, Saskia's son. and Hendrickje Stoffels (or .Jaghers), a young woman who iiad become his housekeeper in 104!l. formed a partnership for the disposal of Rembrandt's pictures, and rented a house in the Rozengiaeht, paying the artist a stated yearly salary, .fter ten years of toil the old artist satisfied his creditors. The stories of his dissipation and low associates in later life are unfounded. His chief associates were artists and he was interested in the inhabitants of the fJhetto; but he also had more influential friends, like .Tan Six. Hendrickje died in 1004, leaving a daughter Cornelia, ami Titus in 1008. Rembrandt himself was buried in the Westerkerk, Amsterdam, on October 8, 1009.