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* ROEBUCK. 220 ROEMER. BOE DEEB. policy during the Eastern crisis in 1877-78, and in 1S7S was made a member of the Pri-j- Coimcil. He was an active pamphleteer and tlie author of a work on the Colonies of England (1849), and of the Bistort/ of the Whig Ministry of ISJO (2 vols., 1832). ROE DEER (AS. rahdCor, from rah, OHG. reh, Ger. Kch, Eng. roe + AS. dcor, Eng. deer; connected with Skt. rekha, Ifkha, line, rikh, likh, to write, scratch ). A European deer {Capreolus caprca ), once plentiful throughout wooded regions as far east as Persia, and still to be found wild in thinly settled countries. The buck stands about 26 inches high, weighs about CO pounds, and is tawny brown in summer, more dull and grizzled in winter, the lower parts and around the tail white; the tail la very short. The antlers of the buck are 8 or 9 inches long, erect, round, very rough, and have two sharp tinea (but no brow tine). The roe is not gregarious, and pairs are said to re- main attached during life. The voice resembles that of sheep, but is shorter and more barking. Another species of roe (Capreolus pijgargus) , rather larger than the common roe, is found in Tatary, and a third in Jlanchuria. Consult: Lydekker, Deer of All Lands (London, 1898) ; Aflalo, Sport in Europe (ib., 1901). ROEDERER, re'de-rar', Pierre Loui.s, Count (1754-1835). A French administrator and his- torian, born at Metz. He was elected to the Third Estate in 1789, and soon became well known as an administrative reformer. He be- came professor of economics in 1796, enjoyed Napoleon's favor, and in 1806 was appointed Minister of Finance in the Kingdom of Naples. Further advance was hindered by his opposition to the Continental blockade. Roederer sided with Napoleon in the Hundred Days and took no prominent part in politics after the Second Restoration, although he sat in the House of Peers in 1815 and after the Revolution of July, 1830. He wrote: Alemoircs pour servir a I'his- toire de Louis XII. et Francois I. (1825) and Esprit de la revolution de 1189 (1831). His complete works were edited by his son (Paris, 1853-59). ROEDIGER, re'dl-ger, Emil (1801-74). A German Orientalist. He was born at Sanger- hausen, studied philology and theology at Halle, 1821-26 and became there privat-docent in 1828. He was appointed successively pro- fessor extraordinary (1830) and full pro- fessor (1835) of Oriental languages, and in 1860 accepted a similar position at Berlin, where he spent the rest of his life. Besides numerous papers on paleography and various Oriental topics published mainly in the Zeit- srliriff fiir die Kunde des Morgenlandes and the Zeilsehrift der deutsclien morgenUindischen Ge- sellsehaft, of which his Litteraturherichte in volumes v., viii., ix. and x. of the latter deserve special mention, his main works were: De Originc et Indole Arabiece Librorum Veteris Tes- tamenti Historicorum Interpretationis Libri Duo ( 1829) ; an edition of Lokman's Fables (Locmani Eabuhv, 1830; 2d ed. 1839); Chrestomathia Kijriaea (1838; 3d ed. by his son, 1892) ; Versuch iibcr die himjaritisehen Schriftmonumente (1841) ; WeUsteds Iteisen in Arabicn, Deutsche ISearbeitung (1842). He finished Gesenius's Tlicsaurus Linguee Ucbraiece, which its author's death had left incomplete, and edited editions (14-21) of Gesenius's grammar (1845-72). He also assisted in the preparation of Payne Smith's Tliesaiirus Syriacus. ROELAS, ro-a'las, Juan de -las (called El LicENCiADO, also El Cl£bigo Roei^s) (1560- 1625). A Spanish religious painter, born at Seville, of a noble family. He studied painting probably in Venice, where he was much inllu- enced by the works of Titian and of Tintoretto, of whose style his own is suggestive. Although he was one of the chief masters of Andalusia, his works were little known out of Spain until the nineteenth century, the finest of tliem being at Seville, notably his masterpiece, "Tlie Transit of Saint Isidore," in the Church of San Isidore; "Saint .lames in the Battle of Clavigo" ( 1609), in the Cathedral; and "The Martyrdom of St. An- drew," in the Museum. The iladrid Museum contains his "Moses Striking the Rock," the Ber- lin Museum a "Jladonna Worshiped by a Jesuit," and the Hermitage, Saint Petersburg, the "Com- munion of Saint Theresa." ROELOFS, roo'los, Willem (1822-97). A Dutch painter, etcher, and naturalist, born at Amsterdam. Having begun his studies at Utrecht, he continued them at The Hague imder Hendrik van de Sande-Bakhuyzen (1795- 1860). In France he was much influenced by the painters of the "paysage intimc," and he also roamed all over Holland, choosing the subjects for his paintings, in both oil and water colors, most frequently from the less known regions of his coiuitry. The Amsterdam Jluseum contains a "View near Abconde" and "View near The Hague"; the Rotterdam Museum a "Landscape with Cattle"; and the Li&ge Museum a "Foi'cst in Autumn." Roelofs was also favorably known for his researches in entomology. ROEMER, re'mer, Friedrich Adolf (1809- 69). A German geologist, born in Hildesheim and educated at Gottingen and Berlin. In 1845 he became instructor in mineralogy and geology at the Klausthal School of Mines, of which he was superintendent from 1862 to 1867. He was a pioneer in pointing the relation between Juras- sic and Cretaceous formations in Germany with those in the rest of Europe and an authority on the mountains of Northern Germany. His works include: Die Verstcincrungcn des norddeut schen Oolithengebirges (1835-39); Tersteinerungen des^ norddeutschen Ereidegebirges (1840-49); and Beitriige zur geologisclien Kenntnis des nordwest- liehen Harzgebirges (1850-06). ROEMER, Olaus, or Ole (1644-1710). A Danish astronomer, born at Aarhus, Jutland. He was educated at the Copenhagen University, and aftenvards accompanied Picard to France, and was appointed tutor to the Dauphin by Louis XIV. He became eminent in astronomy and mathematics and was made a member of the Academy of Sciences in 1672. He was an asso-