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* ROBERTS. 187 ROBERTS. Egypt" (1838), '-rviamias from the Nile" (184u), and a "■Gateway, Spain." As a re.sult of liis travels Roberts pulUislied several series of litliograplied .sketclies ( ISollo'.l), tlie best known of which are Hkctclics in lloly Lund and Hyria and Itiihj, Historical, Classicul, nnd I'icturcsijUC. His strength lies in a line feeling for architec- tural effect, and in good detailed drawing rather tlian in color. ROBERTS, Edmund (1784-183C). An Amer- ican diplomat, born at Portsmouth, N. H. At the age of si.teen he went to Soutli America, and upon the death of a relative took charge of a large English mercantile house at Buenos Ayres. After living in London for a while he returned to the United States, and in 1832 was sent by President Jackson as an envoy to Siani. Cochin- Cliina, and other countries of the Far East for the purpose of making commercial treaties. He returned in 1834 after successfully treating with Siam and IMuscat, and in 1835 he started upon a second embassy, with Japan as the ultimate goal. Illness overtook the expedition and Rob- erts died at Macao, China, June 12, 1830. where he was buried. He narrated the history of his first expedition in Emhassy to Eiistern Courts (1837). Consult: Ruschenberger, A Voyage Around the M'ortd, Including an Embassy to Muscat and Siam (Philadelphia, 1838) ; Foster, American Diplomacy in the Orient (Cambridge, 1903). ROBERTS, Ellis HE.xRr (1827—). An American journalist and financier, born in Utiea, X. Y., and educated at Yale. From 1851 to ISnO he was editor and for several year.s was pro- prietor of the Utica Morning Herald, a Whig and subsequently a Repuljlican paper. He was a member of the State Legislature in 1807, and of Congress from 1871 to 1875. was Assistant Treas- urer of the United States from 1889 to 1893, and was president of the Franklin National Bank, New York City, from 1893 to 1897, when he be- came Treasurer of the United States. He pub- lished Gorernment Revenue (1884), and Sew York. The Planting and Grou-th of the Empire State (1887), in the '"American Commonwealth Series." ROBERTS, Sir Frederick Sleigh, Earl Rob- erts of Kandahar, Pretoria, and Waterford (1832 — ). An eminent British soldier, son of General Sir Abraham Roberts, born at Cawnpore, in In- dia, on September 30, 1832. He was educated at Eton, at the Royal Jlilitary College at Sand- hurst, and at the college of the East India Com- pany, at Addiscombe. At the close of 1851 he received a commission in the Bengal Artillery, and as sent to Peshawur, near the frontier of Afghanistan, where he served until 1857. During the Sepoy Mutiny, he activelj' partici- pated in the reduction of Delhi, in the second relief and the siege of Lucknow, and in the relief of Agra and of Cawnpore, and was awarded the Victoria Cross. In 1803 he participated in the Unibeyla campaign and in 1867 became assistant quartermaster-general of the Bengal brigade which took part in the Abvssinian War. At the outbreak bf the'Afghan War in 1878. though only a major in his regiment, he was major-general commanding in his division, that of Peshawur, and was selected to connuand one of the three columns organized to invade the enemy's country, being ordered to advance Vol. XVII.— 13. through the Kurani X'alley to the Sliutargardnn Pass. On December 2d, "at the Peiwar Kutal, the summit of the pass leading from tin- Kurani alley into Afghanistan, Kobert-s defealeil a greatly superior force of the enemy. In Octo- ber. 1S79, he defeated a large force' of Afghan'^, near Kabul, and took that city. In DccciiiIxt, after a series of combats, he found it nece-sury to evacuate Kabul, and collected his forces in a fortified positi(m at Shirpur. Here he l>eal back the enemy and reentered the Afghan capital be- fore the dose of the month. In 1S80 he per- formed a memorable nuxreli from Kabul for the relief of Kandahar, which he entered on August 31st. On tlie following day he dispersed the army of Ayub Khan, thus bringing the war to a close. After the British disaster at -Majulia Hill, Roberts was sent to South .frica as commander-in-chief. Before his arrival, how- ever, peace had been concluded. He was conunandcrin-ehief of the JIadras Army from 1881 until 1885, when he became connnander- in-chief in India. In 1893 he was recalled lo F.uiope and from 1895 until 1899 was in com- mand of the forces in Ireland. In the latter year he was appointed conunander-in-chief in South Africa. He marched successfully to the relief of Kimberley, and on Feliruary 27th. at Paardeberg. a force of Boers inider Cronje was compelled to surrender. On March 13th Roberts entered Bloemfontein, the capital of the Orange Free State, and on May 28 formallj' annexed the Free State to the British Empire. On .lime 5th he occupied Pretoria, and on (October 25th for- mally annexed the Transvaal. A few weeks later, thinking the war practically over, he returned to England, where he was decorated with the new Order of Merit, raised to the rank of earl and appointed commander-in-chief of the British Army. Lord Roberts published The liisc of IIV//- ington (1895). and Forty-one Years in India (1897), an autobiography. For a more detailed account of his services in the Boer "ar, see SoiTH African War. ROBERTS, Howard (1843—). An American sculptor, born in Philadelphia. He was a pupil of .Joseph A. Bailly at the Pennsylvania .cad- emy of Fine Arts, and afterwards studied in Paris under Dumont and (iunierv. His works in- clude: '"Hester and Pearl" (1872). a statuette: "'La Premi&re Pose" (1870); "Hypatia." and "Lot's Wife,"' both statuettes; a statue of Fulton in the Capitol at Washington, and numerois busts. ROBERTS, Is.vAC Phillips (1833—). An American agriculturist and educator. He was born in Seneca County, N. Y. He became super- intendent of the college farm at the Iowa State Agricultual College, and secretary of the board of trustees (18fi9), and in 1870 was elected pro- fessor of agriculture. He was awarde(l the de- gree of master of agriculture C1S75) by this col- lege. In 1873 he was elected |)rofessor of agri- cinture in Cornell University, in which institu- tion be became dean of the College of Agriculture (1874) and director of the college and of the T'nited States .Agricultural Experiment Station (1888). In 1903 he became professor emeritus of agriculture in the ruiiversity. For many years he was assistant editor of the Country Ocnllrmnn, and contributor to the columns of other leading agricultural journals. His published works in-