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* BOBERT-FLETTBT. 186 EOBEBTS. intli," which was afterwards selected to illustrate Krciich art in the Luxembourg, as well as in the I'nivcrsal Exposition, 1878. Among other works arc "The Old Women of the Piazza Xavona, Konie" (1867, Luxembourg), "Danaids," "ila- zarin and His Nieces," and the "llusical Cardi- nal." ROBERT LE DIABLE, ro'bar' e dya'bl'. An opera by .Meverbeor, produced in 1831, based upon I lie character of Robert I., the Devil (q.v.), Duke (if Normandy. ROBERT OF GLOUCESTER, glos'ter. An English (metrical) chronicler, of whom nothing is known, except that he was alive about the time of the great battle of Evesham ( 1265 ) . The verse- chronicle bearing his name is a history of Eng- land. It exists in two recensions, which vary but little down to the end of the reign of Henry I. (1135). From this date they differ greatly, the one continuation being much longer than the other. Robert of Gloucester is usually credited with the longer continuation and may have writ- ten the original portion. The shorter continua- tion is apparently from another hand. The older portion was derived mainly from Geoffrey of JMonmouth, Henry of Huntingdon, and William of Walmesbury. Thus only the longer continua- tion has value as an historical document, and the valuable part is that which deals with the Barons' War under Henry III., and as a whole the chief interest in the chronicle is linguistic. It is in the dialect of Gloucester- shire, with which district the author shows mi- nute familiarity. The principal extant manu- scripts are the Harleian, the Cottonian, the Cam- bridge, and the Bodleian. The chronicle was edited by Hearne (Oxford, 1724; reissued 1810), and bv Aldis Wright for the Rolls Series (2 vols., London, 1887). ROB'ERTS, Benjamin Stone (1811-75). An American soldier, born at Manchester, Vt. He graduated at West Point in 1835, and became first lieutenant in July, 1837, but in 1839 resigned from the army. He then became a civil engineer, built the Champlain and Ogdensburg Railway, and in 1842 assisted in constructing the Russian railway system. In Hay, 1846, he reentered the United" States Army as first lieutenant of mount- ed rifles, served under General Scott in the Mexi- can War, and was brevetted major for gallantry at Chapultepec. and lieutenant-colonel for ser- vices at JIatamoros and the Pass of Galaxara. During the Civil War he served for a time in New Mexico as commander of the Southern District, and in July, 1862, was made brigadier-general of volunteers. He was then transferred to Vir- ginia, where, as chief of cavalry and acting in- spector-general, he fought at Cedar Mountain, Rappahannock Station, and the second battle of Bull Run. He was next sent to the Northwest, where he commanded an expedition against the Chippewa Indians. In 1864 he was made chief of cavaliy in the Department of the Gulf, and early in 1865 was put in command of the District of West Tennessee. In March of the same year he "was brevetted brigadier-general in the Regular Army. In 1866 he was appointed lieutenant- colonel of the Third Cavalry, and from 1868 to 1870 was professor of military science at Yale. He was the inventor of the Roberts breech-load- ing rifle. ROBERTS, Benjamin Titls (1823-93). An American divine, one of the founders of the Free Jlethoclist Church, born in Leon, N. Y., and educated at Wesleyan University, where he grad- uated in 1848. For ten years he was a member of the Genesee Conference of the Methodist Epis- copal Church and prominent among a body of strictly Wesleyan reformers whose criticism of modern conditions he voiced in the Xorthern JnilriH'iHleiit in 1857. This article was adjudged a slander and Roberts was expelled from the Church (1858). In 1860, with Joseph McCreery and others, he formed the Free Methodist Church, with changes of creed and government from the Methodist Episcopal Church, and special stress on the necessity of total abstinence, plainness of dress, and so on. Roljerts was general superin- tendent of the new denomination (1860-93), and president of its seminary in North Chili, N. Y. He founded and edited The Earnest Christian (1860-93), and edited The Free Methodist (1886- 90). ROBERTS, Charles George Douglas (1860 — ). A Canadian poet and story writer, born at Douglas, near Frederieton, New Bnmswick. He was educated at the Frederieton Collegiate School, and at the University of New Brunswick. For a short time he edited Goldwin Smith's newspaper. The Week, of Toronto (1883-84), and was professor of English and French literature in King's College, Nova Scotia ( 1885-87 ), and of economics and international law (1887-95). He resigned to devote himself wholly to litera- ture. In 1897 he became associate editor of the Illustrated American, of New Y'ork. His volumes of verse comprise Orion and Other Poems ( 1880) , In Divers Tones (1887), Are: An Ode for the Shelley Centenary (1892), .Song's of the Common Day (1SQ3), The Book of the Native {l8d7).Neiv York Nocturnes (1898). His prose includes The Canadians of Old, from the French of de Gasp« (1889), Appleton's Canadian Guide (1890), The Kaid from Beausejour ( 1894), Reube Dare's Shad Boat (1895), Around the Camp Fire (1896), Earth's Enigmas (1896). A History of Canada ( 1897 ) , The Forge in the Forest ( 1897 ) , A Sister to Evangeline (1898), By the ilarshes of Minas (1900),"jr/ie Heart of the Ancient Wood (1900), The Kindred of the Wild (1902), and Barbara Ladd ( 1902) . Roberts is one of the very few who have written about wild life without forsaking truth. His work shows not only understanding but imagination. See Canadian Literature. ROBERTS, David (1796-1864). An English landscape and architectural painter, born at Stockbridge, near Edinburgh. He studied at the Trustees' Academy, Edinburgh, and began his career as scene-painter for Glasgow. Edinburgh, and London theatres, but executed no pictures of merit until after his first tour of the Continent in 1824. Afterwards he traveled extensively in Europe and in the East, devoting himself par- ticularly to architecture and interiors. In I84I he was made Ro3'al Academician. Roberts pro- duced works in both oils and water-colors. Among the former are "Interior of the Cathedral, Burgos," and the "Church of Saint Paul at Antwerp," National Gallery: "Antwerp Cathe- dral." London City Gallery: and "Sunset in Rome." Edinburgh National Gallery. The South Kensington Museum has several of his water- colors, "including the "Great Temple of Edfou,