Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/199

* KOAD. ITO ROAD AND STKEET MACHINERY. provided at convenient intervals of space and applied to ruts and depressions as rapidly as they occur. In the other method, few repairs are made for a number of years. When the road liecomes badly worn a new dressinj; of stone is Uirjie patching. Before applying new iiietalin<r, as the broken stone is called, the upper jiortion of the worn roadway is often loosened to a depth of 1 or 2 inches, by means of teeth or other picking devices, attached to road-rollers (see Road and Street JIachinerv), or by hand. The loosened surface is sprinkled and rolled much the same as in new construction. The dust ROAD^ Law oe the. See Ki i.E.s ok the Koad. ROAD AND STREET MACHINERY. In- der this head may be included the various imple- ments, other than hand tools, used in construct- ing and maintaining roads and .streets, with the exception of such apparatus as is peculiar to the construction of asphalt pavements. (S-e Pave- ment). Ordinary plows and scrapers for loosen- ing and moving the natural earth surface in the pre])aration of the roadbed need no extended description. Scrapers of this .sort are either ilnig or wheel, according to whether their bottoms rest on the surface of the earth when their loads are being moved, or whether the whole scraper is ROAD MACHINE. and mud that inevitably form on macadam roads should be swept or scraped off, as the case may be, and until the dust seems uncontrollable it may be laid by sprinkling. Wide tires for all heavily loaded vehicles lessen the wear of roads ; and they are required by law in some sections. Bibliography. Consult the authorities named imder Pavement, particularly Aiken. Byrne, and JIaxwell; also Shaler. American Highiruys (New York, 1806). which, besides being a good and re- liable presentation of the subject, is somewhat specific as to the work of the Massachusetts Highway Commission ; Rockwell, Roads and Pavements in France (New York. 1800), a brief review by an American of the notable system of French road maintenance: Codrington. Mainte- nance of Ma<'adami::ed Roads (London and New York, ■2d ed.. 1802). which gives British mainte- nance practice in detail, but is not up to date; Gillette, Economies of Road Construction (New Y'ork, 1001), discusses methods and costs of con- struction: Judson, Citi/ Roads and Pavements (Oswego, N. Y., 1804) : Special Consular Reports on l^treets and Hicjliways in Foreign Countries, vol. iii. (Washington, D. C 1801: reprinted in 1807) : Roy Stone, Xew Roads and Road Lcfiisla- tiun in the United litates (New York, 1804) ; .lenks. Road Lecrislation for the American Htate (Baltimore. 1880): Road Inquinj Bulletins of the I'nited States Department of Agriculture; and reports of the Massachusetts. Connecticut, and New Jer.sey Highway Commissions, and (from 1808) of the State Engineer of New York, and of the Ontario Provincial Instructor in Roadmaking. See Payment; Road and Street Machinery; Street. ROAD (in law). See Highway. mounted on and conveyed between two wheels. There is another class of seraper, more properly called a road machine, which consists of a long inclined blade, generally of steel, mounted diag- onally between two pairs of wheels, and capable of vertical adjustment so as to vary its cutting depth and also permit it to conform to the angle of the road surface. These machines are drawn by horses and throw the earth from the side to- w'ard the centre of the road. Another machine used in road construction is known as a i/rader, or grader and ditcher. It loosens the earth by means of a plow mounted between two sets of wheels, lifts it on to a converging belt, and dinnps it into the roadway, the waste banks at the side, or into a wagon for removal to some more distant point. Road Rollers are largely used to compact roads formed by embankments: to solidify road- l)eds whether iii cut or till, in order to give as unyielding a foundation as possible to surfacing of more durable material ; and finally for compressing broken stone or asphalt and for bringing the various classes of block ])aveinents to a firm bed and regular surface. The steiim rollers are equipped with boilers and driving engines; the horse rollers consist of little but the rollers themselves. The rollers proper, in both classes, consist of one or more revolving hollow iron cylinders, resembling very broad wheels, mounted on an axis. The axis is attached to the front end of the driving engine or. in the case of horse rollers, a frame supporting a scat is mounted on the axis and over the roller and a pole and whiffletree are attached to the front of the frame. The weight of rollers ranges from 2V, to 20 tons, steam rollers being the heaviest.
 * qiplied. There is also an intermediate plan of