Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/195

* RIZAL. 175 ROAD. flucncp among the Filipinos was enormous, and his abilities were such that he has been ranlsfil by some writers as, in many respects, perhaps the ablest man the Malay race lias proiiuoed. The novel Xoli me Tungcrc was translated into English by Gannett as Friiirs (i)id Filipinos and published in New York in 1000. Consult: Blunientritt. liioijrajihy of Dr. Josi- /ii>«( (Eng. translation, Singajjore, 18118) : Clill'ord, "The Story of Jose Kizal, the Filipino," in llhiclcicood's Mafin::iiic, vol. cl.xxii. (Edinburgh, 1902) ; and, for an attempted justi- fication of the Spanish officials. La )ii(isoiiizuci6ii dc Filiiiin-as: Ilizal y sii obra (Barcelona, isn-). RIZ'AUS, re-tsa'us. The real name of the Ihitcli theologian usually called Albert Harden- berg (<i.v. ). RIZEH, re-ze'. A port in the Vilayet of Tre- bizond, Asiatic Turkey, situated 40 miles east of Trebizond (Map: Turkey in Asia, .1 2). It is now known chiefly for its healthful climate and picturesque surroundings, which make it jiop- ular as a summer resort. It manufactures scarfs and linen cloths. Population, about 2500. RIZZI, ret'se, Antonio (c.l430-e.l497). An Italian sculptor, born in Verona. He was probably the son and pupil of Pietro Rizzi. with whom he w-orked on the monument of the Doge Francesco Foscari (1457) in the Church of the Frari, Venice. The statues of Adam and Eve (c.1471) on the grand stairway of the Doge's palace are remarkable for their lifelike attitudes. Rizzi was plainly influenced by the Renaissance movement in his great monument to the Doge Niccoli) Tron (1470-70) in the Frari, an elabo- rate work with many life-size figures, medallions, and reliefs. Rizzi was the engineer of the Re- public in the war against the Turks (1483-1490) and was afterwards principal architect, and re- built a portion of the Doge's palace which had been destroyed by fire. RIZZIO, ret'se-6, or RICCIO, David (c.1533- 66). A favorite of ^Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots. He was born near Txirin, Italy, and came to Scot- land in an embassy sent by the Duke of Savoy. As he possessed a good voice, the (Jueen selected him for the quartet in her private chapel. He rapidly rose in favor, and in time became her sec- retary and chief counselor, but there is no proof that his relations with Mary were ever of a crim- inal nature or that he was a Papal agent. Rizzio's haughty demeanour aroused the nobles and they made use of the jealousy of Darnley. Mary's hus- band, to form a conspiracy for the purpose of killing the hated foreigner. The moving spirit of the affair was probably William Maitland of Lethington, whom Rizzio had practically super- seded as Secretary of State in 1565. The Pro- testant leaders were also glad to get rid of the Catholic favorite. On Saturday evening. March 9. ]M'('i, the conspirators broke into "Mary's cham- ber in Holyrood Palace, Edinburgh, dragged out Rizzo, and murdered him. The Queen afterwards, when she regained power, .caused Rizzio to be buried with great honors. Consult Ruthven. !V«r- ratire of ffiecio's Murder (Edinburgh, 1836). See Mary Sti'art. ROACH (OF. roche. rosse. Fr. rochr. from MDiiteh roch, LGer. ruche. Ger. Roche. AS. reohhe, Lat. raja, roach, ray). A small cyprinoid fish [Lcuciscus rulilus) plentiful in the lakes and streams of Northern Europe, and siniiliir to the bream (q.v. ). It may e.xeecd a foot in length. The upper parts are clear green, with blue reflections, the lower parts silvery white, and the fins reddish. It often gathers into large schools and is an angler's lish, but not much es- teemed for the table. An .American minnow, the golden shiner [Ahramis rhryaoleurun), is some- times called roach. See Plate of Dace and Min- XOW.S. ROACH, John (1815-87). An American ship- builder, born at Mitchelltown, County Cork, Ire- land. When fourteen years of age, he emigrated to America. After working in the Howell iron Works in New .Jersey, he, with two fellow work- men, established a foundry near New York. Soon afterwards he bought out his partners, and in 1868 bought the Jlorgan Iron Works. I'our years later he bought the Rainer shipyards at Chester, Pa., and soon became known as one of the foremost of American shipbuilders. Among the 114 iron ships constructed at bis yards were several war vessels, including the Chicago, the At- lanta, the Boston, and the Dolphin. The rejec- tion of this last vessel by the Uovcrnment in 1885 led him to make an assignment. The ship- yards were soon reopened, however, under the management of his son, John B, Roach, j ROAD (AS. rad, from ridan, OHG. ritan, Ger. rritrn, to ride: connected with Olr. riad. ride, tiall. reda, wagon). A way of comnuinication by land between two or more points, generally for vehicular traffic. Roads have developed with commerce and travel, and particuliirly with war, conquest, and military control of distant countries. Stnibo mentions three great high- ways running out from ancient Ual>vlon. 'I'lie earliest systematic roadmaking is credited to the Carthaginians, but the great road-builders of olden times were the Romans. The .Appian Way (q.v.), begun by Appius Claudius, n.c. 312, appears to have been the earliest notable piece of permanent road work. In general Roman roads were built in straight lines, regardless of ordinary grades, and were paved to a great depth, the several layers of stone and concrete sometimes aggregating three feet in thickness. One of the earliest English road laws was passed by Parliament in 1285. It directed that all trees and shrubs be cut down to the distance of 200 feet on either side of roads between market towns, to prevent the concealment of robbers in them. The first toll for the repair of roads was levied by the authority of Edward 111., in 1346, on roads which now form part of the streets of London. In 1555 an act was passed requiring each parish to select two surveyors of highways to keep them in repair by compuhsory labor: at a later period, in place of the compulsory labor, the 'statute labor tax' was substituted. In France, Louis XII. ordered an inspection of and report on the roads of the kingdom in 1508, while late in the same century Henry IV. ap- pointed the 'Great Wa^-warden of France.' In 1556 a stone road 15 feet wide wa.s built from Paris to Orleans, with about 20 feet of unpaved public way on each side. France appears to have been the leader in modern road construction, but it was soon surpassed by England, and gave uj) its own for the English macadam system of road improvements. By 1775 Tresaguet had evolved