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* RINGWOBM. 158 RIO DE JANEIRO. phur ointment, mercurial ointments, and iodine, earbolic acid, and caustic polasli alone or in arious combinations. During llie treatment of rinjiworm, especially that atlecling the head, great care should be taken to prevent its spread to other children. RINK, HiNRicH Johannes (1819-93). A Danish explorer, born at Copenhagen. He studied natural science, acted as mineralogist to the (hiUiteu e.vpedition around the world in 1845- 47, and from 1848 to 1851 e.vplored Northern Greenland. There he found his life work. From 1857 to 1871 he was inspector of Southern tireenland; then for ten years he was director of the island's trade at Copenhagen: and in 1882 he removed to Christiauia. He wrote: Dif Xicko- barischcn Insvlii (1847); Gronlund, geoffniphisk oil ululistisk heskrevet (1852-57; Eng. trans., 1877); Eskimoiske Eventyr og Sagn ( 18ti6-71, English, 1875) ; The Eskimo Tribes. Their Dis- tribution and Characteristics (1887-91); and G^ronliindere og Danske i G^ronland (1888). BIO AGTJSAN, re'6 a-goo'siin. A river of Mindanao, Pliilippine Islands (Map: Philippine Islands, K 11). It rises in the southeastern corner of the island and flows northward along the western base of the eastern coast range, pass- ing in its middle course through several lakes and emptying into the Bay of But nan through a large delta. It is the third largest river of the archipelago, the distance in a straight line from its source to its mouth being 125 miles. Its valley is very fertile and populous, the largest of the many towns on its banks being Butdan. RIOBAMBA, reo-biim'ba, or Bolivar. The capital of the Province of Chimborazo, Ecuador, situated on the road from Quito to Guayaquil, 95 miles south of the former and almost at the foot of the volcano of Chimborazo, 9100 feet above sea level (Map: Ecuador, B 4). It is one of the most ancient and historic towns of Ecua- dor, and contains the ruins of an Inca palace. Completely destroyed by an earthquake in 1797, it is now well laid out, and has a handsome new cathedral. Population, 12,000. RIO BRANCO, briin'ko. The largest tribu- tary of the Rio Negro (q.v.). RIO CTJARTO, kwiir'to. A town of Argentina, in the Province of Cordolia, situated on the Trans- Andean Railroad 200 miles west of Rosario (Map: Argentina, E 10), It is surrounded by orchards and is the principal market for large grazing districts. Population, in 1895, 13,812, RIO DE JANEIRO, Port. pron. re'o da zha- na'6-ro. An important State of Brazil, situated on the southeastern coast and bounded by the State of Espirito Santo on the northeast, Minas Geraes on the northwest, Sao Paulo on the south- west, and the Atlantic on the southeast (Map: Brazil. .18). Area, excluding the Federal Dis- trict, 26,630 square miles. The climate is moder- ate and healthful in the elevated portions, but hot and unhealthful in the lowlands along the coast, Rio de Janeiro is well wooded, and forest pro- duets both in the shape of timber and drugs figure prominently among the exports. The chief agricultural product is coffee. About 70 per cent, of the coffee goes to the United States. Su,gar is cultivated along the coast. In- dustrially Rio de .Janeiro is one of the most ad- vanced of the Brazilian States. It has a large nuiiiber of cotton and woolen mills and sugar rcliiicries, and a greater railway mileage in pro- ])cntion to its area than any other State of Brazil. In 189G it had more than 1200 miles. Population, 870,884 in 1890, and estimated at 1,227,575 in 1900. Rio de Janeiro is with the exception of the Federal District the most dense- ly populated of the Brazilian States, having a density of about 50 per square mile. Most of the inliabitants are of mixed origin. The capital is Petropolis (q.v.). RIO DE JANEIRO. The capital and largest city of Brazil, situated on the west side of the entrance to the Bav of Rio de Janeiro; latitude 22° 54' S,, longitude 43° 10' W, (Map: Brazil, J 8). The location is exceedingly picturesque. The landlocked bay. which runs inland for 17 miles, is surroimded on all sides by forest- covered mountains whose spurs penetrate into the heart of the city. The narrow entrance and the islands l.ying inside of it are fortified. The city itself stretches for 15 miles along the shore, and from its nucleus at the inner end of the entrance it siireads out in long arms reach- ing far into the valleys and up the hillsides. This nucleus is the old city, and forms the business quarter. It is laid out in square blocks with long, narrow streets. The largest square in this section is the Praca da Acclamacao, with a beautiful garden. Another park, the Praca 15 de Novembro, is surrounded by some of the finest public buildings in Brazil, such as the mint, the Senate house, and the city hall. In this neighbor- hood also is the former Imperial Palace, now occupied by the National Museum. The most conspicuous church is the Candelaria, with two large towers and a cupola. The principal edu- cational institutions are the great national li- l>rary with 247.000 volumes and many manu- scripts, the National JIuseum, the botanical gar- den, the Historical and Geographical Institute, and the observatory. There are also a medical school, a polytechnic institute, a conservatory of music, and various commercial, industrial, scien- tific, literary, and art academies. Public charities are well provided for. There are institutes for the blind and the deaf mutes, a large insane asylum, and several well-equipped hospitals, that of Santa Casa da Slisericordia being one of the largest in the world. The public works, however, are somewhat inferior. There are an extensive system of electric street rail- ways and a good water supply brought by aque- ducts from the mountains. The drainage sys- tem, however, is not serviceable. This fact, to- gether with the hot and htimid climate, renders the city still an unhealthful place. Though yel- low fever has decreased, there were still nearly 1000 cases of it in 1899. Rio de .Janeiro derives its chief importance from its commerce. The manufactures are rel- atively unimportant, and are represented chiefly by textile and flour mills. The harbor is abso- lutely safe, and is provided with extensive dock facilities. The shipping and trade have, how- ever, decreased not a little during the past de- cade. In 1896, 1535 vessels of 2,469,628 tons en- tered; in 1900 only 843 vessels of 1,522,754 tons entered. The total value of imports in 1896 was $61,386,000, and in 1900 .$45,98.5,320. The chief imports are cereals, coal, textiles, and machinery. The exports in 1900 amounted to .$42,805,000,