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* RICHTER. 138 RICKETS. boldest virtues, without tlic least exeess." The Aesllictik is vahialile cliietly for its keen analy- sis of humor and happy praise of wit. It closes with a glowinj,' eulogy of Herder and is a frag- mentary development of his theory. The politi- cal papers, the most virile and practical of Kichter's works, were bold denunciations of Napo- leon and the German sycophants, whereas those of 1817 held up to even more merited shame the German princes who mocked the promises by which they had regained power. Disease troubled the peace of Richter's last years. He traveled much, and might to advantage have written less. He died in Bayreuth November 14, 1825. An Autobiography appeared in 1826. Though for a time widely popular, and still highly prized by a few, Richter was without lasting influence on the currents of German liter- ature. Richter's Works are edited in 34 vols. (Berlin, 1860-62). and in 60 parts (lb., 1879etseq.). There is a continuation to the Autohiograplii/ b.y Otto and Fiirster (Breslau, 1827-33) : a Biograph- ischer Kommentar by Spazier (Leipzig, 1833). Consult also: Forster, Denkmirdigkeiten (Mu- nich, 1863), and the Correspondence of Richter with Otto (Berlin, 1829-33), Charlotte von Kalb (ib., 1882), Jacobi (ib., 1828), and Voss (Heidel- berg. 1833); Vischer, Kritische Oiinge, vol. i. (Stuttgart, 1873) ; Nerrlich, Jean Paul, sein Le- ben and seine Werke (Berlin, 1890) ; Carl,vle's Miscellaneous Essays, vols. i. and iii. (Boston, 1839) ; De Quincej''s Life of Richter (London, 1845) ; .J. Miiller, Jean Paul imd seine Bedeu- tung fiir die Oegenwart (Munich, 1894) ; id.. Vie Seelenlehre Jean Pauls (ib., 1894) ; id.. Jean- Paul Studien (ib., 1899) ; and the selections from his writings by Lady Chatterton (London, 1859). RICHTER, LUDWIG (1803-84). A German landsca]je painter, etcher, and draughtsman, and one of the greatest illustrators of all times. He was born in Dresden, the son of the engraver Karl August Richter (1778-1848), who first in- structed him. After his return from a sojourn in Rome (1823-26), he was appointed instructor in the school of drawing at the porcelain factory in Meissen and in 1836 at the Dresden Academy, where he continued as professor from 1841 to 1877. The interest of his uneventful life centres within the circle of his art. As a painter Richter aimed at a thorough blending of the figure element with the landscape and ma.y be judged bv the following examples: "Valley of Anialfi" '(1824), "Bay of Salerno" (1826), "Harvest Procession in the Campagna" (1833), a composition in the vein of Claude Lorrain, "Evening Landscape with Worshipers" (1842), all in the Leipzig Museum ; "Ferr,y at the Schreckenstein" (1836), "Bridal Procession in Springtime" (1847), both in Dresden Gallery: and "View in the Riesengebirge" (1839), in the National Gallery, Berlin. Among his 240 etchings are about 140 views in Sax- ony, others of Salzburg. Rome, and the Cam- pagna. His individuality as a great artist is revealed, however, neither through his brush nor his burin, but in his 3000 or more drawings for the woodcut, of which he is to be counted, with Adolf Menzel, one of the most influential revivers. His first contribution in that line, of 25 drawings, to Das malerisehe und romantische Deutschland was followed by the illustrations to Marbach's Deutsche Yolksiiicher (1838), to Duller's Gcschichie des deutschen Yolks (1840), to The Vicar of Wakefield (1841), to Mnsaus's Volksmiiirchen (1842), and to nu- merous other fair.y tales, to the fjoethe Album (1855), to Schiller's Qlocke (1857), and by those c.yclical publications which reveal the most brilliant side of the artist's inexhaustilile fancy, such as "Besehauliehes und Erbauliches" (18.51); "Kinderleben" (1852); "Fllrs Haus" (1858-61) ; "Der gute Hirt" (1860) ; "Unser tiig- lich Brot" (1866) ; and "Bilder und Vignctten" (1874). An e.ve disease put a stop to the ))rac- tiee of his art in 1874. and after retiring from his professorship in 1877 he was pensioned. He died at Loschwitz, near Dresden. Consult his autobiograph,y, Lehenserinnerungen eines deutscheii Malers, edited by his son Hein- rich (10th ed., Frankfort, 1900); the mono- graphs by Hofi' (Dresden. 1877). Erler (Leipzig, 1897), aiid Mohn (Bielefeld, 1898) : also Pecht, Deutsche Kiiustlcr, i. (Niirdlingen. 1877); Springer, in Zeitschrift fiir bildende Kunst (Leipzig, 1883) : Atkinson, in Art Journal (Lon- don, 1885) : and Liitzow, Die verviclf&ltigende Kunst der fjcgenwart (Vienna, 1886). RICHTHOFEN, riKt'ho'fen, F1:rdin. d, Baron (1833 — ). An eminent German traveler, geologist, and geographer, born at Karlsruhe, in Silesia. He studied in Breslau and Berlin, trav- eled in Eastern Asia and Oceanica ( 1860-68). and after a short sta.y in California explored .Jajian and China. In 1875 he was named professor of geolog,y at Bonn, and after three years in a chair oit geograplu' at Leipzig, in 1886 became a professor in the University of Berlin. In 1902 he became director of the newl,y founded Institut fiir Meereskunde. His chief works include: Oeog- nostische Beschreibung von Preda^to (1860); The Ufatural System of Volcanic Rocks (1867) ; Letters on China (1870-72); China (1877-83); Atlas von China (1885) ; Methoden der heuligen Geographie (1886); and Schantung und seine Eingangspforte Kiautschou (1898). In English he published: The Comstock Lode (1865); Principles of 'the 'Natural System of Volc-anio Rocks (1867); and Letters to the Shanghai Chamber of Commerce (1869-72). RICIMER, ris'i-mer ( ?-472 ). A Roman gen- eral of the Western Empire. His father was a Suevian chief, and his mother a daughter of Wallia, King of the Visigotlis. He was brought up at the Roman Court, rose rapidly in the army, and defeated the Vandals in a naval battle near Corsica, and in a land fight near Agrigentum (456). Immediately after this he attacked Avitus, who had been proclaimed Em- peror of the West, defeated him at Placentia, and put Majorianus in his place. In 461 he deposed Majorianus and crowned Libius Severus, an<l. after managing the Empire himself during an interregnum of a ,year and a half, brought Anthemius to the throne (467). In 472 he quarreled with Anthemius, and. deposing him, made Olybrius King, but died himself a little more than a month after, having been the real power in Italy for sixteen years. RICINUS.' See C.stor Oil. RICK'AREBS, or ARICARAS, a re'ki-raz. A tribe of Pawnee Indians. See Arikara. RICKETS, or RACHITIS (from wrick, MDutch wricken, Dutch, LGer. icrikken, to move I'