Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/137

* BIB. 117 KIBAXJT. ward, the point -ivhere this bending takes place being called the angle. The upper border of the rib is thick and rounded, while the lower border is marked by a deejj groove, hieh lodges llie in- tercostal vessels and nerve. The ril)s of mammals are mostly connected, as in man, with the bodies of two vertebra), and with tlie transverse processes of the posterior one. In the Jlonotremata. however, they articu- late with the vertebral bodies only; while in the Cetacea the posterior ribs hang down from the transverse processes alone. Their numl)er, on each side, corresponds with that of the dorsal vertebriB. The greatest number, 23, occurs in the two-toed sloth, while in the Cheiroptera 11 is the ordinurj' number. In birds each rib articulates by means of a small head with the body of a single vertebra near its anterior border, and with the corresponding transverse process by means of the tubercle. ]Ioreover, each rib possesses a ■fnter'articular ligament Versa? iyrff/irri Intfrivr( ^/'rfi/ cartUayc Ant. comm on liga/nent YEffThiPffOClSi Superior costo- transverse IX^
 * ad'ofrtIt

■Keck ofrib Tuicrde of rib Fig. 2. akticulation of the bibs with the spinal column, front view. 'diverging appendage,' which projects backward over the next rib, so as to increase the consolida- tion of the thoracic framework, necessary for flying. The dorsal vertebrie here never exceed 1 1, and are commonly 7 or 8 in number, and the ribs proceeding from them are connected with the sternum, not by cartilage, as in mammals, but by true osseous sternal ribs, which are regularly articulated at one end with the sternum, and at the other with the termination of the spinal ribs. In the chelonian reptiles the ribs (as well as the vertebrte and the sternum) deviate remarkably from the normal type, the lateral parts of the carapace consisting mainly of anlcylcsed ribs united by dermal plates. In the crocodiles there are only twelve pairs of true or dorsal ribs; while in the other saurians, and in the ophidians, the ribs are usually very numerous. In the frogs there are no true ribs, the reason probably being that any bony element in their thoracic walls would interfere with the enormous thoracico-abdominal enlargement which these animals periodically undergo at the breeding period. See Skeleton ; Spin.l Column. BIB. In architecture, a projecting band or molding on an arched or flat ceiling. It is of universal use in all styles of Gothic architecture and it is the key-note of the Gothic system of construction. (See Gothic Architectuke.) Eibs were first used in certain Romanesque schools during the eleventh and early twelfth centuries, especially those of Lombardy, Normandy, and the Rhine. They simply followed the diagonal lines of intersection of two barrel vault.s on a square plan. Hut the Gothic system, by using Iho pointed arch in the ribbing, by making n com- plete framework of diagonal, transverse, and longitudina.1 ribs, not only self-sullieii'nt, but capa- ble of sustaining weight and transmitting thrust, and by turning the shell of each vaulting coni- ])artment into a concave surface, made of the combination the basic unit of the struelure. The ribs were at first heavy and simply molded, be- coming in the thirteenth century more slender and elaborately molded. Their "intersection at the crown of the vault was commonly decorated with carved ornamentation in the form of lloral bosses or pendants. In late Gothic, especially in England and Germany, intermediate ribs (if mi constructive use were added in the vaulted liclds for decorative effect, some of which were called Uerne. The fan-tracery vaults and paneled vaults are two of the most elaborate of these styles of ribbing. Cusping and tracery were used in late Gothic ribbing, and the ribs often wan- dered in curved lines across the vaulting. BIB, Fracture of the. A very common sur- gical accident, resulting usually from blows or falls upon the chest. It is not uncommon, how- ever, for ribs to be broken by indirect violence, such as a crushing or squeezing force which springs the convexity of the ribs outward until fracture occurs. Instances are on record where the ribs of very old persons have been actually broken by very violent coughing. The treatment for fractured ribs consists in the application of broad strips of adhesive plaster which encircle the chest wholly or in part and which by their pressure steady the broken fragments and prevent their moving upon one another in the act of respiration. ^"here the sharp extremity of a broken rib jienetrates the layers of the pleura and enters the lung and escape of air occurs from the lung sub- stance into the pleura, and thence through the wound in the parietal layer of the pleura into the subcutaneous connective tissue, it is made evident by a pufl3ness of the skin and a peculiar crackling sensation to the touch. This condi- tion, which is known as surgical emplujscma, may extend over the entire trunk and occasional- ly has been known to invade nearly the entire bodv. EIBAXJT, re'bo', or BIBATILT, Jk.vn (c.lo20-65). A French navigator and colonizer, born at Dieppe. In 1.5fi2 he was given command of an expedition organized by the Huguenot leader. Admiral Coligny, which had for its ob- ject the founding of a Huguenot colony in .mer- ica. With his two vessels he explored (lie Florida coast, and finally, anchoring at Port Koyal, built Fort Charles, near the present Beaufort, S. C. Leaving twenty-six colonists, he went back to France, from w'hich, on accoimt of the civil wars, he was unable to return for some time. Mean- while the colonv had been abandoned. Another .set- tlement of French Protestants, however, had been made in 1564 under Laudonni^rG at Fort Caro- line, on the Saint .John's River, and in .ug»ist of the next year Ribaut came over with seven vessels and assumed command of the colony. The appear- ance of a Spanish squadron, which had been dis- patched with orders to kill all the Protestants in the settlement, drove him to sea. He planned to attack the Spaniards in their new settlement at Saint Augustine, but his fleet was wrecked and