Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/114

* BHINE. Diissfl.loif the Rliino is joined by the Eulir from tlip ii;,'lil, and a little farther down it receives tliG l-fiipe. also from the right. Shortly after passing the i:)uteh boundary it divides into two arms, the southern and larger of wliieh, known as the Waal,, flows into the great delta of South- ern Holland, where it merges with the Jleuse and the Scheldt. The northern arm divides again at Arnliem, the Yssel eoursing north into the Zuydrr Zee, and the other arm flowing westward, liaiallel with the Waal. This latter arm, called Lek (T.eck) below Wijk, pours its waters into the Nortli Sea through the Nieuwe (New) Maas. .t Vijk a narrow arm, which at first bears the name of the Crooked Rhine, branches out north- ward and flows past Utrecht, below which it is known as the Old Rhine. At Utrecht the Vecht branches out from this arm and flows into the Zuyder Zee. The Old Rhine, which has barely the dimensions of a river, flows past Leyden, and discharges into the North Sea, a few miles north of Schcveningen. Conuncrcially the Rhine is probably the most important river of Europe, its valley being densely jiopulated, with numerous important in- dustrial cities, especially along its middle course. Canals connect the Rh'ine with the lleuse, the Seine, the Saone, the Danube, and the Ems. The Rhine-Rhone Canal follows the course of the river from Strassburg almost to Basel, and is generally used instead of the river, whose current here is very swift. The shipping at the principal ports on the' Rhine amounts to nearly 8,000,000 tons an- nually, and the river is visited every year by more 'than 1,000.000 tourists. The legends of the Rhine figure prominently in German folk litera- ture. BiBLioeKAPiiy. Hugo, The Rhine (trans., Bos- ton, 1874) ; Hunt, The RMne: Its Scenery and Historical Legendary Associations (London, 1845); Mehlis. Der Rhein (Berlin, 1876-79); Stieler, The Rhine from Its Source to the 8ca (London, 18SS) ; Sirarock, Das malerische und romantische RheinUtnd (Bonn, 1865) ; id., Rhein- saijcn- (Bonn, 1891). BHINE, Confederation of the. See Con- federation OF THE Rhine. BHINE-HESSE. A province of the Grand Duchy of Hesse (q.v.), Germany. BHINEO-ANDEB. A city and the county- seat of Oneida County, Wis., 103 miles north- west of Green Bay, on the Wisconsin River, at the Pelican Rapids, which afford large water power, and on the Chicago and Noi'thwestern and the Minneapolis, Saint Paul and Sault Ste. Marie railroads (Map: Wisconsin, D 3). It is the centre of a region noted for its extensive hmiber output, and has several saw and planing mills, a refrigerator factory, a veneer factory, boiler and iron Avorks, etc. Population, in 1890, 2658; in 1900, 4998. BHINE PBOVINCE (Ger. Rheinprovinx, or Rheinland), or Rhenish Prussia. The most densely populated province of Prussia, bounded by the Netherlands on the north, Westphalia and Hesse-Nassau on the east, Lorraine on the south, and Luxemburg, Belgium, and the Netherlands on the west (Map: Prussia, B 3). It covers an area of 10,423 square miles. About 43 per cent. of the total area is under tillage. The chief agri- cultural products are rye, wheat, barley, oats, and potatoes. There are extensive vineyards 98 BHINITIS. along the Rhine and Moselle, and wine is exported on a large .scale. The large coal fields to which the province mainly owes its inilustrial develop- ment are situated chiefly along the Ruhr and the Saar. The province produces annually upward of 25,000,000 tons. Iron, zinc, lead, copi)er, quicksilver, and manganese are mined, bait, sulphur, and several kinds of stone and useful earth are also produced in considerable quanti- ties. The production of ditl'erent metal articles from locomotives and guns to needles and small tools ranks first among the manufacturing indus- tries of the province. The textile branches have also attained a high state of development. Some of the textiles, such as the woolen fabrics of Aix- la-Chapelle or the silks of Krefeld, are foremost in the world. The Rhine Province has also extensive glass works, paper mills, chemical works, and tanneries, besides a nunflier of sugar refineries, distilleries, and breweries. The extensive trade of the province is greatly promoted by the excellent transportation facili- ties, especially the railways. There are about 2400 miles of railways. The chief commercial centres of the province are Cologne, DUsseldorf, Aix-la-Ghapelle, Coblenz, and Duisburg. It is divided into the five districts of Coblenz, Diis- seldorf, Cologne. Treves, and Aix-la-Chapelle. The capital is Coblenz. The province is repre- sented in the Prussian Landtag by 28 menfliers in the upper and 62 delegates in the loer chamber. It returns 35 members to the German Reichstag. The population of the Rhine Province more than trebled during the nineteenth century. In 1819 it was only about 1.871,000; in 1900 it was 5,759,000, showing an increase of 12.8 per cent, since 1895. Over 70 per cent, is Roman Cath- olic. Bibliography. Proudhon, France et Rhiii (Paris, 1868) ; Mehlis, Stiidicn zur iiltcstcn Ge- schichle der Rheinlandc (Leipzig, 1875-79) ; Treutlein, Die neuern deutschen Rhcinstrom- studien und ihre Ergehnisse (Stuttgart, 1893) ; Tille, Vebersicht iilcr den Inhalt der l-Icineren Archiv der Rheinprovins (Bonn, 1899-1902) ; Schwann, Dip Rheintande von Mainz his Kohlenz (Leipzig, 1900) ; Kerp, Am Rhein (Bielefeld, 1901 ). BHINITIS (Neo-Lat., from Gk. p/f, rhis, nose). Inflammatory disease of the mucous mem- brane of the nose; nasal catarrh. Low tempera- ture, air in motion and moisture, or mechanical irritants, together with certain bacilli combine to cause a hypersemic swelling with first a dry- ness, then an increased production of mucus and a transudation of serum into the blood vessels. Emigration of leucocytes may follow (see In- flammation) and desquamation of epithelium from the mucous membrane may occur. The disease is commonly known as 'cold in the head.' The mucous membrane may remain thickened )]crnianently or may become atrophic, so that an ordinary attack of rhinitis may terminate in three or four days, or may pass into a chronic condition, continuing for months. Some cases are caused by refiex irritation, the primary seat of trouble being in over-stinuilated sexual organs. In the treatment of acute rhinitis preparations of ammonium, belladonna, potassium citrate, ipe- cacuanha, camphor, carbolic acid, and saline ca- thartics are used, as well as alkaline or astrin- gent topical applications. Similar treatment is used in eases of chronic rhinitis, besides surgical