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* KHEINE. of navigation, 24 miles by rail north-northwest of Jliinstcr (Jlap: Germany, B 2). It is known principally for its manufactures of cotton, jute, linen, lohaoco, and machinery. Population, in 1000, 10,371. KHEINFELS, rin'fels. The largest and one of the most beautiful of the ruined castles on the Rhine. It was built in 1245 l)y the Count of Katzenclnbogen, one of the petty barons of the Rliine. In modern times it was a strong Hessian fortress. In 1794 the French gained possession of it and blew it up in 1797. It is now the property of the Emperor of Germany. ' KHEINGOLD, rin'golt. Bah. The first divi- sion of Richard Wagner's nuisic drama Der Hiny dcs Xibcluiigen. It was first given in Munich, September 22, 1869. See Ring of the Nibe- LUKGEN. RHEINHOLD, rin'holt, Hugo (1853—). A German sculptor, born at Oberlahnstein, Hesse- Nassau. For several years he pursued a mer- cantile career in San Francisco and in Hamburg, before devoting himself to art in Berlin, under Max Kruse, and at the Academy under Herter, with signal success, as proved by his marble group, "By the Wayside," in the National Gal- ler}', Berlin, and the large group in bronze, "Dj-namite in the Service of Civilization," at the Nobclhof, Hamburg. RHENANUS, ra-na'm,is, Beatus (1485- 1547). A German classical scholar, whose real name was Bild von Rheinau. He was born at Schlettstadt, Alsace, and after studying at the University of Paris, spent most of his life in his native city. He was an intimate friend of Erasmus. His works, which sliow great critical acumen, include edi- tions of Plini Epistolw (1514) ; Tacitus (1519) ; Tertullian (1521): and Livius (with Gelenius, 1535), the editio princeps of Villojus Paterculus (1522) ; and an historical work, lierum Germani- carum Libri Tres (1531), which was considered the finest piece of historical research of his day. He was the first to question the authenticity of the Didlogus of Tacitus. Consult: Horawitz, Beatus IHienaniis (Vienna, 1872); Des Beatus RItcnanas litterarische TImtigkcit (ib., 1872) ; Die Bihliotlick uiid Korrespondenz des Beatus Rhenanus (ib., 1874) : and Knod, Ans der Biblio- tlwk des Beatus Rhenanus (Leipzig, 1889). RHENISH ARCHITECTURE. See Ro- manesque Akt. section (Irniiani/. BHENTSH CONFEDERATION. See Con- FEDEKATIOX OF THE RlIINE. RHENISH PRUSSIA. A province of Prus- sia. See Rhine Pkovince. RHENSE. A village of Prussia in the circle of Coblenz, on the Rhine, noted historically as the meeting-place of a diet, which, in July, 1338. during the struggle between the Emperors and the Papacy, took a firm stand for the former by declaring that whoever had received a majority of electoral votes was ipso facto German King and Holy Roman Emperor without further Papal confirmatioTi. RHEOTROPISM (from Gk. 'pdv, rhein, to fiow + Tpoiri], trope, turn). The imperfectly understood sensitiveness which enables plant organs, especially roots, to bend their tips either toward or away from the source of a 93 RHETORIC. current of water in which they are placed. Nega- tive rheotropic curvatures are often merelv gross mechanical clfects of the force of the itrcnni. But positive curvatives (i.e. toward the source) are undoubtedly due to a specific reaction on the part of the organ. Posi- tive rheotropisni of roots, is e.hibited well by seedlings of the radish, maize, and 'icia siUivii. To demonstrate this phenomenon seedlings with roots about 2 centimeters long iiL.e<l only In be affi.xed to the sides of an inclined wooden I rough in which a current of water is Mowing. In »pi't4" of the tendency of gravity and the force of the moving water to cause roots so immersed to grow down;ird, they will, after a fe-. hours, bend up stream. RHE'SUS (Lat., from Gk. T^ffoc). (1) A Bithynian river god. son of Oceanus and Telliys. (2) A Thraeian ally of the Trojans, of whom the oracle declared that if his' white horse.s should drink the waters of the Xanthus or feed on the grass of the plain of Troy, the city would not be taken. As soon as Rhesus in his "journey ' reached the Trojan territory, ho was surprised and slain in his ('amp by Odysseus and Diomedes, and his horses were carriecl otV. RHESUS (from Lat. Rhesus, Gk. 'P;;(7of, name of a river in the Troad, another in Bithpiia, a King of Thrace, etc.). A small brown monkey (Macacus rhesus), common all over India, it is known as the Bengal monkey, or 'bandar' of the Hindus. It moves about in large bands, ascend- ing to the height of 8500 feet in the Himalayas, and is often protected and fed in the neighbor- hood of temples, by tlu; Hindu ])riests, although not universally regarded as sacred. This mon- key is one of those most familiar in menageries, where it may be recognized by the straightiiess of its moderately long hair, by the tapering tail, about one-half the length of the head and body, and by the nakedness of the buttocks, for sonie distance around the callosities. Tliis is the mon- key commonly carried about by Hindu jugglers, who teach it amusing tricks; and many stories are told of its superior intelligence. Compare Macaque. RHETORIC (Lat. rhetoHca, from Gk. ^//ropon^, rhetorila: rlietorical art, fem. sg. of f>tiTopiK6c, rhetorikos, relating to an orator, from pr/rup, rhetor, orator; connected with cpc'iv, erein, to say, and ultimately with Eng. uord) . Taken broadly and philosophically, the science and art of communication in language, includ- ing all the processes and technical means by which, through language, the members of a community react one upon an- other. The general tendency of modern text- books has been to broaden the scope of rhetoric to include everything pert:iining to the art of com- position, and even to annex adjoining territories, such as poetics, and stylistic and literary criti- cism. But although rhetoricians are still far from agreement, the goal of recent thought is fairly well expressed in the definition here given. Regarded from the scientific point of view. rhetoric properly belongs to that branch of knowledge which is concerned with the relations of men in society. The place and rationale of the science may be indicated as follows. In every community a great variety of activities go on simultaneoush'. One important group of