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* KEID. 809 REID. to transfer his property to the Reid Xcwfound- land Company, capitalized at $25,000,000, with the understanding that the telegraphs were im- mediately to revert to the Government, that the land grants should be so rearranged as to pro- tect the rights of private owners whose property had been included therein, and that at the end of fifty years the colony might take over all rail- ways, on payment of 81,000,000 with interest thereon, and an additional sum, to be determined by arbitration, as reimbursement for all im- provements made within that time. REID^ Samuel Chester (1783-1861). An American naval officer, born in Norwich, Conn. He went to sea at the age of eleven, and on his first voyage was captured by a French frigate and confined for six months in Guadaloupe. Sub- sequently he entered the United States Navy and served on the Baltimore under Commodore Trux- tun in the West Indies. During the War of 1812 he commanded the privateer General Armstrong. On September 26-27, 1814, in the neutral harbor of Fayal, Azores, the General Armstrong was attacked by three British vessels of much superior strength. Reid and his men defended themselves bravely in one of the most heroic conflicts of the entire "war and on the second day. after having disabled one of the British ships, and inflicted a loss of 120 killed and 180 wounded on the enemy, scuttled their ship, and retreated to the shore. The entire American loss was 2 killed and 7 wounded. The violation of the neutrality of Fayal. a Portuguese port, resulted in a protracted diplomatic correspondence, and the final submis- sion of the question at issue to Louis Napoleon, who decided against the American contention. Subsequentlv, however, the British Government apologized for the breach of neutrality. After the war Reid became a sailing-master in the navy, and was for many years warden of the port of New York in which capacity he introduced many reforms, established the light-ship at Sand,Y ___ _ ,„<,,;, ,,u«^ Hook, perfected the signal telegraph, and reorgan- g,ui journalism m 1861, he edited, ii _:i_i „„„i„™ tin niannpri thp nrpsent Mt,rnjirti for seventeen vears. In 1 ized the pilot svstem. He planned the present United States flag, adopted in 1818, providing for thirteen permanent stripes, and stars increasing with the admission of new States. REID, Thomas (1710-96). A leading philos- opher of tlie Scottish school. He was born April 26 1710 at Strachan, Kincardineshire, began his education in the parish school of Kincardine, and at the age of twelve became a student at Marischal Colleo-e in Aberdeen. He took his degree of M.A. in 17'26, and continued to reside in Aberdeen as college librarian, his chief studies being mathe- matics and the philosophy of Newtom In 1,3/ he was presented by the senatus of Kings Col- lege to the parish church of New Macl}«r }" Aberdeenshire. The parishioners were bitterly opposed to his appointment, but his conduct and manner gradually won them over. In 1-39 Hume-s Treatise of Human yature appeared the perusal of which gave the impulse that deter- mined his future philosophical career. He had fully adopted the idealism of Berkeley, but was now by Hume, new material tt<roccasioned"bv^wh7t he considered an abusive appiicatioi by Hutchesou of the forms of mathe- matical reasoning to ethics. In 1752 he was ap- pointed one of the professors of pliilosophy in King's College, Aberdeen. Here he taught mathe- matics, natural philosophy, and moral philos- ophy. In 1763 he was chosen to succeed Adam Smith as professor of moral philosophy in the University of Glasgow. He now confined himself to teaching metaphysics and psychology. In 1764 he published his Inquiry into the Human Mind on the Principles of Common Hcnse. He continued in the duties of his chair till 1781, when he devoted his remaining strength to the publication of his works on the mind. In 1785 the Essays on' the Intellectual Powers appeared; and in 1788 Essays on the Active Powers. The publication of the latter was the close of his career as an author, although to the end of his life he kept up his bodilj' and mental vigor, and his interest in science. He died October 7, 1796. The distinguishing feature of his philosophy was the assertion of certain irresistible convictions which are due to intuitions. Among them are the conviction as to the real existence of an ex- ternal world, as to the causal connection of phenomena, as to the moral character of actions and the existence of the soul. These convictions are called axioms, self-evident truths, principles of common sense. The existence of these con- victions is proved, so Reid maintains, by the tes- timony of experience. See Cosimon Sense. Reid's works were edited by Dugald Stewart (Edinburgh, 1804), with a Life by Stewart; and by Hamilton very elaborately (8th ed., ib., 1880). Consult : McCosh, Scottish Philosophy from Hutcheson to Hamilton (New York. 1875) ; A. Seth (Pringle Pattison). Hcotiish Philosophy (2d ed., Edinburgh, 1890); Sneath, The Phi- losophy of Reid (New York, 1892) ; Fraser, Reid (Edinburgh, 1898). REID, Sir Thomas Wemtss (1842—). An English journalist and author, born at New- castle-on-Tvnc and educated there. Having be- the Leeds Mercury for seventeen years. In 1887 he re- signed to become manager of Cassell and Com- panv a well-known London imblishing house. In i890 he was appointed the first editor of the i<peal-er, founded as a Radical organ. This weeklv periodical he ably conducted till his resioTiation (1899). Reid has made solid con- tribution to recent history in Cabinet Portraits ( 1S72) : Politicians of To-Day (1879) ; The Land of the Bey, an account of a visit to Tunis ( 1882) ; and especiallv in his Life of the lit. Bon. W E. Forster (1888) ; Life of Richard Monck- ton Milnes (1891); Life of Lord Payfaxr (1899); and Life of W. E. Gladstone (I899K of which he was editor. His biography of Charlotte Bronti; (1877) served as an excellent corrective to the somewhat imaginary^ portraits of the Brontes by ilrs. Gaskell. Gladys Fane (1883) and M-r.. (1885) were successful. WniTELW (L->- All .merioan nd statesman, bom in Xenia. Ohio, He <Taduated at Miami I ni- ■ ' into peeches ptain GeneraT Thomas A. -Moms ana ai^n »..!.*=■ — ...— — R<|se- nn" (1S61). He served as correspondent of the His novels . rrr's Millions REID, journalist