Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 16.djvu/888

* REFORMATION. 784 REFORMATORIES. tablishiiient of I'rotestantism under Elizabeth are well-known events, belonging to the special history of these reigns. In Scotland the reforming impulses began with Patrick Hamilton. Hamilton was educated in Paris and in Germany, and learned there the doctrines which he introduced into his native country. There was somelliing, indeed, of the same popular movement, known under the name of Lollardism in Scotland, as in England, and Hamilton's preaching may have served to kindle the dying embers of this movement. His early death in 1528 undoubtedly produced a great effect. After Hamilton George Wishart appears as the next cham])ion (q.v. ) of the Scottish Reformation ; and in connection with him we lirst hear of John Knox, who became finally the leading spirit of the movement, by whose influ- ence the Reformation was established in Scot- land in 1560. The Scottish Reformation fol- lowed the type of the Calvinistic Reformation in Geneva, where Knox had taken refuge during the period of persecution in Scotland, and acted for some years as the companion of Calvin. Episcopacy was aliolished, and the Reformed Church set up in every respect as far as possible in opposition to the Papal system. For the efforts nuide by the avithorities of the Roman Catholic Church to counteract the dissi- dent movement, see Countee-Refoemation ; Trent, Council of. Bibliography. Among the best original sources for the Reformation are the works and correspondence of the noted men of the period. For certain aspects, however, the Papal archives fuiTiish the most desirable material. For this the various collections of documents should be consulted, notable among which are: Tomaset- tus, BulUirum, Diplomatum et Privilegiorum Sanctorum Romanoriun pontificiim, vols, iv., v. (Tours, 1859-UO) ; Chevalier, liepertoire des fioiirces historiqiies dii moticn-dge (Paris, 1877- 83); Collectw BtiUarum, vol. ii. (Rome, 1750). The decrees of the council are to be found in X,abbe, Hacrosancta Concilin (Venice, 1728-33), ■while all the facts and documents relative to the Council of Constance have been separately col- lected and are to be found in the monumental ■work of Hardt, Magnum (Ecumenicum Coih- siantiense Concilium (Frankfort and Leipzig, 1607-1700). Among secondary works, which treat specifically of the Reformation and the conditions which produced it, three works are specially important: Ranke, Deutsche Ge- schichte im Zeitalte.r der Reformation (Berlin, 1847) represents the old, conservative view, now generally known as the Protestant presen- tation; Janssen, Geschichte des deutschen Volkes seit dem Awtyange des Mittelalters (Freiburg, 1877-94; Eng. trans., London, 1896-1903), and Pastor, Oeschichte der Piipste (2d ed. Freiburg, 1891-95; Eng. trans., London, 1896-98) present ably and scientifically the views of the recent Catliolic school of historians. Probably the best work in English which covers this ])eriod is Creighton, History of the Papacy During the Reformation (London and Boston, 1882-94). Other works of value are Bezold. Zur Geschichte ties Uusitentums (Munich. 1874) ; Gebhardt, Die Gravamina der deutschen Nation gegen den romischen Hof (Breslau, 1884) ; Gregorovius, Geschichte der Stadt Rom (3d ed., Berlin, 1879- 80) ; Hefele, Conciliengescliichte (Freiburg, 1807-74) ; Lorenz, Pupsticahl und Kaiscrthum (Berlin, 1874); hindner, Geschickte des dculsi hen Reiches (Brunswick, 1875-80) ; Palacky, Ge- schichte von liohmen (Prague, 1845-00) ; Reusch, Der Index der verbotenen liiicher (Bonn, 1883- 85) ; Rossman, Betrachtungcn iiber das Zcltatter der Reformation (Jena, 1858) ; Ullmann, Refor- matoren vor der Reformation (Hamburg, 1841- 42) ; Uasquet, The Eve of the Reformation (London, 1900). The various general Cliurcli histories, especially those of Baur, Gieseler, Hardwick, Hase, Kurtz. Hergennither, Darras, Alzog, and Riffel are also valuable. Seebohm, The Protestant Revolution (London, 1887); Hausser, Period of the Reformation, trans, from the German (ib., 1873) ; and Fischer, History of the Reformation (New York, 1890), are small works, valuable for a general aspect of the Ref- ormation. The Reformation in the great insti- tutions of learning may be best studied in Deni- lle. Die Universitdten des Mittelalters (Berlin, 1895). Consult also the principal works men- tioned under Renaissance. REFORMATORIES. Penal institutions for young oU'enders whei'e the object of punishment IS subordinated to that of moral regeneration. It is dillicult to fix definitely the time when it was recognized that juvenile offenders should not be merely punished for crime, but that efforts should be made to reform them. The eighteenth century was fruitful in hu- manitarian movements and the condition of pris- oners was not overlooked in the general effort to ameliorate suffering, and to awaken the sense of individual responsibility w'hich was characteris- tic both of the religious revival under the Wes- leyans, and of the political reforms led by the French and English radicals. The philanthropic efforts of John Howard and Elizabeth Fry, in particular, prepared the way for new views in penology. At the same time interest in the care of neglected children and of juve- nile delinquents which had from the days of Elizabeth found expression in the English Poor Law (q.v.). was leading to many new ex- periments. The most valuable of these, however, was first tried in Germany, where, in 1833. the Rauhes Haus (q.v.) in " Hamburg introduced the plan of having the children cared for in 'families' on the cottage plan. This principle was adopted at Mettray, France, in 1839, and has since become the favored method for juvenile reformatories, though the congregate plan still exists and has its adherents. Captain Brcnton, of England, about 1830 urged that no child under sixteen should be sent to prison, but should be trained in some special institution. In accord with his ideas an industrial school for girls was started at Chiswick. In 1847 the institution at Saint George's restricted its care to boys charged with or convicted of crime. From this time the movement made progress in England. In 1854 the Refonnatory Schools Act was passed, which took legal cognizance of the principles of the reformatories. France, in 1850, had already enacted similar legislation. Distinction must be made between the purely industrial schools which receive children who are destitute and the re- formatory schools which receive those guilty of criminal acts. Sometimes, particularly in the earlier institutions, the two classes were mixed.