Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 16.djvu/872

* BED JACKET. 770 REDOUBT. Consult the biography by Stone (18G7), and that by Hubbard (1886). KEDLANDS. A city in San Bernardino County, Cal., 08 miles east of Los Angeles; on the Santa l'"e, the Southern Pacific, and the San Ber- nardino and Redlands railroads (Map: Califor- nia, E 4). It is situated among the foothills of the San Bernardino Mountains in one of the most beautiful regions of the State. Among the features of the city are the A. K. Smiley Library anil two attractive parks. The vicinity is known as one of the greatest orange-producing sections in the world, and for the shipment of this and other fruit Kedlands is an important centre. It carries on a trade also in bailey, wheat, and building stone, and manufactures brick, piping, and lumber products. The city is governed by a b<janl of trustees, one of whom is the president, whose term of ollice is four years. Redlands was settled in 1881, and was incorporated seven years later. Population, in 1890, 1904; in 1900, 4797. REDLEG. The red-legged partridge. See PAKTRIlHa:. RED-LETTER DAY. A lucky day, a fortu- nate or auspicious day; so called because in the old liturgical books the greater holy days were ahviiy-i marked with red letters. See Rubric. RED LIQUOR. A crude aluminum acetate used as a mordant in calico printing. It is pre- pared in various ways, often by dissolving eight parts of alum in boiling water, which is then added to a solution of six parts of lead acetate and the mi.xture is well stirred. Lead sulphate is formed, which is precipitated as a heavy mass, the supernatant clear liquid being the 'red liquor.' RED MEN, Improved Obdee of. A fraternal and beneficial order claiming unbroken succes- sion from the 'Sons of Liberty' ( q.v. ), and other Revolutionary societies, and reorganized in 1835 at a convention in Baltimore. The Grand Coun- cil of Maryland was created at this convention, the old ritual was revised, and soon the council- fires of the order were lighted in several States of the I'nion. In 1847 the Grand Council of Maryland called another convention at which was organized the Great Council of the Uniteil States, which was made the supreme governing body of the order. The government of the order is mod- eled after that of the United States. The Great Council of the LTnited States is composed of rep- resentatives of the various State Grand Councils, which in turn arc made up of representatives from the various tril)es in the State jurisdiction. The ritualistic work consists of three degrees, viz. : Ado])tion. Warrior, and Chief. The ofiicers of the trilie are prophet, sachem, senior sagamore, junior sagamore, chief of records, and keeper of wampum. Tlic officers or chiefs of the Great Council of the United States are great incohonee, great senior sagamore, great junior sagamore, great prophet, great chief of records, great keeper of w'ampum, great tocakon, great minewa, great guard of forest. The conditions of membership are: age twenty-one years, citizenship in the United States, good health and character, and be- lief in the existence of a Supreme Being, 'the Great Spirit.' There is a Chieftain's League or Uniformed Rank in the order. The Degree of Pocahontas is for the especial benefit of the fe- male relatives of the Red Men, who are eighteen years of age and over. The Improved Order of Red Men (including the Degree of Pocaliontas, which has a membership of 50,000) had at the close of 1902 a total membership of over 300,000. During the decade ending that year it had paid (ov the relief of members nearly $4,000,000. for the relief of widows and orphans $12r>,000. and for the burial of the dead nearly .$1,000,000. The emblem of the order is the eagle and the motto, 'Freedom, Friendship, and Charity.' REDMOND, Jon. Enw.RD (1851 — ). An Irish Parliamentaiy leader, head of the Nation- alist Party. He was born in Dublin, the son of William Archer Redmond, and at twenty-five, after the completion of his course in Trinity Col- lege, Dublin, having been admitted to the bar, was elected to the House of Commons. There he became a whip of the_ then weak Irish Party and was one of the most prominent organizers of the Home Rule propaganda throughout Eii'land. On the break in the Nationalist ranks, consequent on the Parnell divorce case, Redmond sided with the minority which urged that Parnell's leader- ship should still be followed; but in 1000, in spite of his bitter abuse of the other wing of the Irish Party, he became a leader in the movement for union and was chosen to succeed Dillon as head of the reorganized party. His Historical and Political Addfesses, 1SS3-97, were published in 1898. RED OAK. A city and the county-seat of Jlontgumery County, Iowa, 50 miles east by south of Omaha, Neb. ; on the East Nishnabotna River, and on the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad (Map: Iowa, B 4). It makes brick, tile, apiarj' supplies, pottery, and flour. Red oak was incorporated in 1869. Population, in 1890, 3321; in 1900, 4355. REDONDELA, ra'Don-dfi'la. A town of Northwestern Spain, in the Province of Ponteve- dra. situated at the head of the Bay of Vigo, 12 miles south of Pontevedra. The inhabitants are chieflv engaged in fisheries. Population, in 1900, 11.488. REDOUBT (OF. rrduit. Fr. reduit, from ML. red net IIS. refuge, redoubt, from Lat. rediicerc, to lead back, from re-, back again, anew -f- diiccre, to lead). A field fortification. A redoubt varies in form and solidity according to the exigencies of the ease, and the time at the disposal of the defenders. The cavity caused by the excavation of earth for the construction of the parapet is called the ditch, and constitutes a formidable obstacle to the enemy. The sides of the ditch arc known as the escarp and the counterscarp, respectively (see Plan in article Fortification), ami are made as steep as possible. Chevaux-de- frise (q.v.) or similar constructions are placed along the bottom of the ditch. If the parapet is verv high, a berin (q.v.), or narrow strip, will be left between the base of the jiarapet and the edge of the ditch, and generally fortified by fraizes, or sharp-pointed stakes, projecting over the ditch, from both berm and countersear]). The exterior slope of the parapet has been found to resist artillerv fire to greater advant.age when left at its natural slope; but the superior slope is constructed with an incline of I in 0. permit- ting the defenders to observe the ground in front of the ditch vithout injuring the crest of the parapet. The interior slope ( 1 in 3 or 4) is stronglv revetted. In field redoubts, the height of