Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 16.djvu/870

* EEDEMPTORISTS. 768 KEDGAUNTLET. tier, Les premieres Redemptoristines (Lille, 18S4). Tlie Redemptorists are noted for their faculty of doing ell'cctive missionary work among the un- cultured classes of the population. Tlicir mis- sionary system includes frequent 'renovations" in ■order etl'ectively to secure the good already done, and the frequent reception of the sacraments is reconnuended for the perpetiuition of the fruit of the missions. According to the latest official catalogue of the Redemptorist Order (1901) there are 10 provinces and one vice-province of the con- gregation. These are known as the Roman, Nea- politan, Sicilian, Lyonese (which has houses in Chile and Peru), the Austrian, the Belgian (which has houses in Canada, in the West Indies, and in the Congo region), the Baltimore (which has a mission in Mayaguez, Porto Rico), the Ba- varian (with two houses in Brazil), the Province of Holland (which has a mission in Surinam), the Lower German (with three houses in the Argentine Republic), the English, the IrLsh (with three houses in Australia), the Province of Paris (with three houses in Ecuador and Co- lombia), the Spanish, and the Province of St. Louis. U. S., besides the Province of Prague in Bohemia, and the Vice-Province of Alsace-Lor- raine. Altogether there are 17.5 houses, with 3300 memliers, of whom 1020 are priests, 489 clerical students, 150 choir novices, 733 pro- fessed lay brothers, and 300 laj' novices. In the L'nited States there are 520 members, of whom 270 are priests. For the historj- of the Order in America, consult Wuest. Annales Provinciw AmericaiKB (Ilchester, Md., 1888). KED'FIELD. A city and the county-seat of S]iink County, S. D., 40 miles south of Aberdeen; on the Chicago and Northwestern and the Chi- cago. Milwaukee and Saint Paul railroads (Map: South Dakota, G 5). It is the seat of Redfield College (Congregational), opened in 1887, and of the Northern Hospital for the Feeble-Minded. a State institution. Population, in 1890, 700; in 1900. 1015. BEDFIELD, William C. (1789-1857). An American man of science and affairs, born at Middletown, Conn. In 1820 he became interested in steam navigation and after studying numerous boiler explosions which at that time were alarm- ing the public, he founded a line of safrti/ hiirf/es towed by a steamer at a safe distance to pl_y be- tween New York and Albany. After public con- fidence had been restored this line w'as utilized for the carriage of freight and became the prede- cessor of the lines now in operation. Mr. Red- field was also active in beginning the New York and Albany, now the Harlem Railroad, and the New Haven and Hartford and the Hud- son River railroads; and as early as 1829 he proposed the construction of a road connect- ing the Mississippi with the Hudson. In science, though he devoted some attention to geology, his principal contributions were in the field of meteorology. He developed a theory of storms by which he sought to demonstrate that all violent gales are whirlwinds and have a rotary and progressive movement ; that the di- rection of revolution is always uniform ; and that the velocity of rotation increases from the mar- gin toward the centre of the storm. He reor- ganized the American Association of Naturalists and Geologists as the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and became its first president in 1843. Among his pul)lications are "Remarks on the Prevailing Storms of the Atlan- tic Coast of the North American States" {Ameri- can Journal of ticioice, vol. xx. ) ; "Notice of American Steamboats" (ib., vol. xxiii.) ; "On the Courses of Hurricanes" (ib., vol. xx.w. ) ; "Short Notices of American Fossil Fishes" (ib., vol. xli. ) ; and "The Law of Storms and Its Penalties lor Neglect" {yen^ York .Journal of Commerce, June 19, 1850). Consult Olmsted, Hcicntifie Life and Labors of William C. Redfield (New Haven, 1857). BEDFIN. The name given to two or three dace or minnows, which have notably red fins, and especially to the common shiner ( Notropis cornuius), found in almost every small stream east of the Rocky Mountains and north of Geor- gia. It exhibits many local varieties of form and color, some never exceeding four inches, while others reach eight inches in length. It may be distinguished from other shiners by its large size, steel-blue back, with a gilt line along the spine, and another along each side, and the rosy tint of the lower fins. Compare Shiner; and see Plate of Dace and Minnows. REDEISH. (1) The red drum or channel bass {Scia'nops ocellalus). It is a rich iridescent gray in color, often washed with coppery red, and REDFISH OR CHANNEL BASS. readies a length of five feet and a weight of 75 pounds, but is usually much smaller. It is to be found along the whole southern coast of the United States, is everywhere valuable as a food- fish, and on the Texas coast is said to exceed in economic importance all other fishes found there. (2) In southern California, a large and handsome fish (Pimelomctopon pnlcher) related to the don- cellas. The body is somewhat deep and com- pressed, and the blunt forehead in the adult car- ries a very prominent fatty hump, whence the fish is frequently called 'fathead.' In the males the head, dorsal, anal, and caudal fins are pur- plish-black, and the rest of the body varies from clear crimson to blackish-purple. The females are dusky rose-color. This handsome fish, which reaches a length of three feet and a weight of 13 to 15 pounds, is caught abundantly with hook and line in the kelp beds along the shore, and is a favorite with the Chinese, who salt and dry its fiesh. (3) One of the most important and rich- ly colored of the Californian rosefishes (Hehastcs marinus). See RosEFisii. (4) The Alaskan name for the 'red' or blue-back salmon (Oncorhynchtis iierka ). It is known in two forms, one large and one small. See Salmon. RED GAME, or Grouse. The common moor- fowl or ptarmigan {Lapopvs f^cotietis) in its summer dress. See Grouse; Ptarmigan. KEDGAUNTLET. A novel by Sir Walter Scott (1S24). The hero. Sir Arthur Redgaunt- Ict. brought up as Darsie Latimer, falls unknow-